Table 8.

Effect of dietary PQQ·Na₂ supplementation on duodenal morphology in broiler chickens challenged with LPS.

Items	Dietary PQQ·Na2 levels, mg/kg1				SEM	P-values
	1		0
	Saline	LPS	Saline	LPS		LPS	PQQ·Na2	Interaction
Day 21
VH, μm	1302.72	1280.41	1253.80	1229.84	140.64	0.684	0.430	0.990
CD, μm	156.86	165.72	172.89	179.93	20.56	0.379	0.104	0.919
VH/CD	8.40	8.04	7.45	6.80	0.57	0.040	<0.01	0.567
Day 42
VH, μm	1526.2	1364.7	1413.8	1251.8	168.44	0.037	0.144	0.997
CD, μm	195.62	199.66	205.34	217.23	39.30	0.617	0.433	0.823
VH/CD	8.01	7.09	7.17	6.00	1.05	0.029	0.049	0.791

P-values for main effect of LPS challenge, the main effect of dietary PQQ·Na₂, and the interaction between the dietary PQQ·Na₂ and LPS challenge.

Abbreviations: CD, crypt depth; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SEM, pooled standard error of the mean; VH, villus height; VH/CD, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth.

¹PQQ•Na₂, dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium supplementation; LPS, dietary treatment was injected LPS; saline, dietary treatment was injected saline.