Table 5.

Effect of vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids on relative expression (fold change¹) of genes in pectoralis major muscle of broilers.

Item		Treatments2
		Starter VE	Starter n-3	Starter VE and n-3	Grower VE	Grower n-3	Grower VE and n-3
Muscle formation and growth
MYOD1	Myogenic differentiation 1	1.03	−1.01	−1.09	1.05	−1.06	1.01
MYOG	Myogenin	−1.00	1.13	1.20	1.05	1.08	1.09
PAX7	Paired box 7	1.02	1.01	1.01	−1.06	−1.07	1.05
Growth factors
MSTN	Myostatin	1.02	−1.01	−1.02	−1.04	−1.16	−1.06
TGFB1	Transforming growth factor beta 1	−1.21	1.03	1.10	−1.27	−1.13	1.13
FGF2	Fibroblast growth factor 2	−1.02	−1.06	−1.09	−1.07	1.11	−1.05
Hypoxia, oxidative stress and inflammation
HIF1A	Hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	−1.01	−1.07	1.05	−1.01	−1.02	1.11
TRPA1	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	−1.08	1.10	−1.12	1.13	−1.25	−1.22
GPX7	Glutathione peroxidase 7	−1.08	1.02	−1.05	−1.01	1.03	−1.07
IL1B	Interleukin 1, beta	1.05	1.01	1.17	1.09	−1.14	1.31
SELE	Selectin E	−1.07	1.06	1.03	1.29	−1.09	−1.19
Extracellular matrix
COL1A1	Collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain	−1.11	−1.02	−1.11	−1.08	1.13	1.02
COL3A1	Collagen type 3 alpha 1 chain	−1.13	1.00	−1.03	−1.05	1.05	−1.02
COL4A1	Collagen type 4 alpha 1 chain	1.05	1.00	1.02	1.07	1.09	1.04
DCN	Decorin	−1.1	−1.01	−1.03	−1.12	1.02	−1.03
SDC4	Syndecan-4	−1.00	1.02	1.11	1.03	−1.09	1.34
GPC1	Glypican-1	−1.09	−1.04	1.00	−1.04	−1.03	1.01
Cell structure and migration
ITGB1	Integrin subunit beta 1	−1.06	−1.04	−1.00	1.01	1.01	1.01
ACTN1	Actin, alpha 1	−1.21	−1.08	−1.05	−1.14	−1.14	1.13
Calcium regulation
RYR1	Ryanodine receptor 1	1.05	1.03	−1.05	1.09	−1.03	−1.04
Glucose metabolism
LDHA	Lactate dehydrogenase A	−1.02	−1.08	−1.12	1.08	−1.07	−1.18

¹The fold change for each gene was calculated as the ratio between treatments and control group. If ratio is higher than 1, fold change is equal to the ratio. If ratio is lower than 1, fold change is the negative inverse of the ratio.

²Broilers in the control group were fed diets with standard level of vitamin E (VE; 10 IU/kg) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (n-6/n-3 ratio of 30.2:1) during the entire study (0–58 d). Supplementation of additional VE (200 IU/kg), n-3 fatty acids (n-6/n-3 ratio of 3.2:1), or combination of both was performed during the starter phase (0–10 d) or grower phase (11–24 d).