Table 3.
Univariable and Multivariable Predictors of Cognitive, Somatic, and Emotional Post-Concussive Symptoms after 6 Months in 277 Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
| RPQ – cognitive (three items) | RPQ – somatic (nine items) | RPQ – emotional (four items) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Univariable (ß, p value) | Multivariable (ß, p value) | Univariable (ß, p value) | Multivariable (ß, p value) | Univariable (ß, p value) | Multivariable (ß, p value) |
| Age (/10y) | 0.15 (p = 0.09) | 0.11 (p = 0.23) | 0.30 (p = 0.10) | 0.38 (p = 0.03) | 0.02 (p = 0.83) | 0.09 (p = 0.40) |
| Gender (female vs. male) | 0.39 (p = 0.27) | 0.58 (p = 0.10) | 0.74 (p = 0.29) | 0.88 (p = 0.19) | 0.05 (p = 0.90) | 0.22 (p = 0.58) |
| Years of education (/y) | −0.24 (p < 0.01) | −0.23 (p < 0.01) | −0.46 (p < 0.01) | −0.39 (p < 0.01) | −0.24 (p < 0.01) | −0.21 (p < 0.01) |
| Pre-injury seizures* (yes vs. no) | 1.14 (p = 0.03) | 0.47 (p = 0.36) | 1.85 (p = 0.07) | −0.001 (p = 0.99) | 1.32 (p = 0.03) | 0.44 (p = 0.46) |
| Pre-injury migraine and headache (yes vs. no) | 0.86 (p = 0.08) | 0.02 (p = 0.96) | 4.58 (p < 0.01) | 2.82 (p < 0.01) | 1.50 (p = 0.01) | 0.45 (p = 0.41) |
| Pre-injury psychiatric disorders** (yes vs. no) | 1.57 (p < 0.01) | 0.99 (p = 0.01) | 3.14 (p < 0.01) | 2.04 (p < 0.01) | 1.67 (p < 0.01) | 1.12 (p < 0.01) |
| Prior TBI (yes vs. no) | 1.08 (p < 0.01) | 1.19 (p < 0.01) | 2.54 (p < 0.01) | 2.04 (p < 0.01) | 1.49 (p < 0.01) | 1.10 (p < 0.01) |
| BAL | ||||||
| -High BAL vs. low/unmeasured | −0.83 (p = 0.12) | −0.94 (p = 0.08) | 0.50 (p = 0.64) | 0.59 (p = 0.56) | 0.15 (p = 0.81) | −0.14 (p = 0.81) |
| -Unmeasured BAL vs. high/low | −0.67 (p = 0.07) | −0.59 (p = 0.11) | −0.09 (p = 0.91) | −0.17 (p = 0.81) | 0.06 (p = 0.89) | −0.44 (p = 0.92) |
| GCS 13 or 14 vs. GCS 15 | 0.17 (p = 0.67) | 0.25 (p = 0.53) | 0.24 (p = 0.75) | −0.14 (p = 0.85) | 0.66 (p = 0.14) | 0.52 (p = 0.25) |
| CT abnormalities*** (yes vs. no) | 0.05 (p = 0.88) | 0.46 (p = 0.22) | −1.32 (p = 0.05) | −0.35 (p = 0.62) | −0.90 (p = 0.02) | −0.42 (p = 0.33) |
| PTA | ||||||
| - Yes vs. no/unknown | −1.20 (p = 0.13) | −1.09 (p = 0.16) | 0.74 (p = 0.63) | 1.24 (p = 0.40) | −0.02 (p = 0.99) | −0.09 (p = 0.92) |
| - No vs. yes/unknown | −0.94 (p = 0.25) | −1.20 (p = 0.15) | 0.51 (p = 0.75) | 0.25 (p = 0.87) | −0.10 (p = 0.92) | −0.42 (p = 0.65) |
| LOC | ||||||
| - Yes vs. no/unknown | 0.36 (p = 0.59) | 0.37 (p = 0.56) | −1.18 (p = 0.36) | −1.33 (p = 0.28) | −0.12 (p = 0.87) | −0.06 (p = 0.93) |
| - No vs. yes/unknown | 0.02 (p = 0.98) | 0.10 (p = 0.89) | −1.85 (p = 0.18) | −1.55 (p = 0.26) | −0.82 (p = 0.31) | −0.56 (p = 0.50) |
| Extracranial AIS ≥3 in at least one Body region (yes vs. no) | −0.41 (p = 0.40) | −0.45 (p = 0.34) | −0.37 (p = 0.70) | −0.19 (p = 0.83) | −0.41 (p = 0.45) | −0.46 (p = 0.39) |
| R2 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.17 | |||
Unstandardized ß's and p values are shown for all analyses. The multivariable model is based on all candidate predictors in the table.
Cognitive scale is based on the items forgetfulness, poor concentration, and taking longer to think.
Somatic scale is based on the items headache, dizziness, nausea, noise sensitivity, sleep disturbance, fatigue, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and double vision.
Emotional scale is based on the items irritability, depressed, frustrated, and restlessness.
Includes seizures and epilepsy.
Includes anxiety, depression, sleeping disorders, and bipolar disorder.
Includes epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, contusion, intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, diffuse axonal injury, , brain swelling, midline shift, cistern compression, fourth ventricle shift, and third ventricle shift
RPQ, Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire; TBI, traumatic brain injury; BAL, blood alcohol level; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; CT, computed tomography; PTA, posttraumatic amnesia; LOC, loss of consciousness; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale.