Table 2.
Cu-containing materials promoting bone fracture healing.
| Effect | Materials | Functions | Targets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Promoting bone fracture healing | 317L-Cu [11] | Promoting the osteogenic differentiation, enhancing the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts [11] | Stimulating the Alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and osteogenic gene expressions [11] |
| 316L-Cu [4] | Enhancing the gene expression of collagen I, ALP and Runx2 [4] | Activating Akt signaling pathway [4] | |
| Ti-Cu [7] | Upregulate the expressions of alkaline phosphatase, Collagen I, osteopontin and osteocalcin [7] | – | |
| Magnesium-copper-fluorine containing titanium coatings [72] | Promoting osteogenesis [72] | Activating ERK1/2 signaling [72] | |
| Cu-containing ceramic coatings on titanium [73] | Enhancing macrophage-mediated osteogenesis [73] | – | |
| Nano-copper-bearing 317L SS63 | Promoting osteogenic differentiation and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes, upregulating the lysyl oxidase activity [63] | – | |
| Cu-Hier-Ti [6] | Regulating macrophage-mediated osteogenic [6] | Activating M1 macrophages [6] | |
| GO-Cu [80] | Enhancing the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation [80] | Activating the Erk1/2 signaling pathway [80] |