Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the patients with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2i and DPP4i before and after inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW)
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT2i (n = 15,606) |
DPP4i (n = 12,383) |
ASMD | SGLT2i (n = 27,054.45) |
DPP4i (n = 26,889.05) |
ASMD | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Diabetes duration | 2310.07 ± 1316.40 | 1509.97 ± 1452.10 | 0.577 | 1966.89 ± 1397.89 | 1917.41 ± 1497.30 | 0.034 |
| Age (year) | 58.52 ± 11.76 | 62.52 ± 125.88 | 0.045 | 59.63 ± 12.03 | 60.43 ± 134.37 | 0.008 |
| Female | 6515 (41.7) | 5472 (44.2) | 0.049 | 11,861.4 (43.1) | 11,712.7 (43.6) | 0.009 |
| Ischemic heart etiology | 1482 (9.5) | 824 (6.7) | 0.104 | 2256.3 (8.2) | 2095.9 (7.8) | 0.015 |
| Hypertension | 10,350 (66.3) | 6527 (52.7) | 0.280 | 16,781.5 (61.0) | 16,036.0 (59.6) | 0.028 |
| Dyslipidemia | 11,315 (72.5) | 5732 (46.3) | 0.554 | 16,808.6 (61.1) | 15,912.7 (59.2) | 0.039 |
| Cerebral vascular accidents | 782 (5.0) | 1004 (8.1) | 0.125 | 1680.4 (6.1) | 1759.2 (6.5) | 0.018 |
| Congestive heart failure | 587 (3.8) | 488 (3.9) | 0.009 | 1026.6 (3.7) | 1038.0 (3.9) | 0.007 |
| Chronic lung disease | 322 (2.1) | 376 (3.0) | 0.062 | 645.0 (2.3) | 680.1 (2.5) | 0.012 |
| Chronic liver disease | 3980 (25.5) | 2175 (17.6) | 0.194 | 6093.8 (22.2) | 5720.7 (21.3) | 0.021 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2639 (16.9) | 2417 (19.5) | 0.068 | 4770.4 (17.3) | 4801.1 (17.9) | 0.013 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 137 (0.9) | 144 (1.2) | 0.028 | 270.4 (1.0) | 300.4 (1.1) | 0.013 |
| Gout | 1506 (9.7) | 1152 (9.3) | 0.012 | 2664.5 (9.7) | 2627.1 (9.8) | 0.003 |
| Malignancy | 1146 (7.3) | 1401 (11.3) | 0.137 | 2441.2 (8.9) | 2525.0 (9.4) | 0.018 |
| Vital sign | ||||||
| Height (cm) | 161.95 ± 12.62 | 160.26 ± 12.44 | 0.135 | 161.15 ± 13.05 | 160.97 ± 12.11 | 0.014 |
| Body weight (KG) | 74.37 ± 15.54 | 68.08 ± 39.50 | 0.210 | 71.87 ± 15.20 | 72.02 ± 81.04 | 0.003 |
| BMI | 28.05 ± 4.85 | 26.29 ± 15.89 | 0.150 | 27.40 ± 4.85 | 27.59 ± 33.11 | 0.008 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 139.10 ± 19.66 | 139.29 ± 21.62 | 0.009 | 139.21 ± 20.28 | 139.23 ± 20.94 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.18 ± 11.83 | 76.83 ± 12.62 | 0.110 | 77.79 ± 11.85 | 77.53 ± 12.52 | 0.021 |
| HR (bpm) | 84.73 ± 13.44 | 83.83 ± 14.45 | 0.065 | 84.44 ± 13.69 | 84.29 ± 14.42 | 0.010 |
| Baseline laboratory data | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 8.86 ± 1.67 | 8.37 ± 1.97 | 0.270 | 8.68 ± 1.66 | 8.60 ± 2.02 | 0.041 |
| eGFR (ml/min/m2) | 94.28 ± 31.15 | 77.07 ± 41.83 | 0.467 | 89.64 ± 31.06 | 87.96 ± 47.23 | 0.042 |
| ALT (U/L) | 34.47 ± 38.40 | 31.67 ± 38.24 | 0.073 | 33.44 ± 35.24 | 33.47 ± 43.42 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 186.24 ± 250.65 | 169.85 ± 171.68 | 0.076 | 179.63 ± 217.31 | 180.47 ± 254.64 | 0.004 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 94.56 ± 30.90 | 98.49 ± 33.64 | 0.122 | 97.02 ± 32.78 | 96.89 ± 32.39 | 0.004 |
| HDL (mg/d) | 43.56 ± 11.09 | 43.22 ± 12.12 | 0.029 | 43.68 ± 11.26 | 43.55 ± 12.10 | 0.011 |
| Baseline medications | ||||||
| Anti-platelet agent | 5298 (33.9) | 3501 (28.3) | 0.123 | 8565.2 (31.1) | 8258.3 (30.7) | 0.009 |
| Statin | 9455 (60.6) | 5166 (41.7) | 0.384 | 14,457.3 (52.6) | 13,587.2 (50.5) | 0.041 |
| Non-dihydropyridine CCB | 811 (5.2) | 580 (4.7) | 0.024 | 1471.4 (5.3) | 1435.1 (5.3) | 0.001 |
| Dihydropyridine CCB | 2555 (16.4) | 2669 (21.6) | 0.132 | 5071.6 (18.4) | 5033.0 (18.7) | 0.007 |
| Beta-blocker | 5248 (33.6) | 3431 (27.7) | 0.129 | 8624.8 (31.4) | 8197.4 (30.5) | 0.019 |
| ACEI or ARB or ARNI | 9448 (60.5) | 6035 (48.7) | 0.239 | 15,511.8 (56.4) | 14,791.4 (55.0) | 0.028 |
| MRA | 462 (3.0) | 377 (3.0) | 0.005 | 816.8 (3.0) | 818.4 (3.0) | 0.004 |
| Loop diuretics | 1058 (6.8) | 1344 (10.9) | 0.144 | 2168.5 (7.9) | 2317.4 (8.6) | 0.027 |
| Nitrate | 988 (6.3) | 723 (5.8) | 0.021 | 1668.9 (6.1) | 1586.9 (5.9) | 0.007 |
| Digoxin | 104 (0.7) | 64 (0.5) | 0.020 | 157.8 (0.6) | 157.9 (0.6) | 0.002 |
| Anti-diabetic agent | ||||||
| SU | 10,342 (66.3) | 5033 (40.6) | 0.532 | 15,197.2 (55.3) | 14,296.7 (53.2) | 0.042 |
| Metformin | 14,011 (89.8) | 8224 (66.4) | 0.589 | 22,258.8 (80.9) | 21,131.2 (78.6) | 0.058 |
| Glinide | 479 (3.1) | 796 (6.4) | 0.158 | 1220.9 (4.4) | 1276.1 (4.7) | 0.015 |
| Glitazone | 3826 (24.5) | 690 (5.6) | 0.550 | 4602.4 (16.7) | 3701.6 (13.8) | 0.083 |
| Acarbose | 3077 (19.7) | 1017 (8.2) | 0.337 | 4130.1 (15.0) | 3567.1 (13.3) | 0.050 |
| Insulin | 2560 (16.4) | 2152 (17.4) | 0.026 | 4465.3 (16.2) | 4437.0 (16.5) | 0.007 |
ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ALT alanine aminotransferase, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ARNI angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, BMI body mass index, CCB calcium channel blocker, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DPP4i dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HBA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high density lipoprotein, HR heart rate, IPTW inverse probability of treatment weights, LDL low density lipoprotein, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, SBP systolic blood pressure, SGLT2i sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, SU sulfonylurea
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or as percentage %