Table 6.
The preliminary categorization of high fall risk medicines (Category A) basing on their adverse drug effect (ADE) profiles in statutory summaries of product characteristics (SmPCs) and frequency of use in older patients who had experienced at least one documented fall in a geriatric care unit (n = 188). The medicines are organized according to the ATC Classification [38]
| High fall risk (A) | ATC Code | ATC classification | Users of the medicines n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metoprolol | C07AB02 | Beta blocking agents | 49 (26.1) |
| Perindopril | C09AA04 | ACE inhibitors | 38 (20.2) |
| Tiapride | N05AL03 | Antipsychotics | 36 (19.1) |
| Quetiapine | N05AH04 | Antipsychotics | 24 (12.8) |
| Tramadol | N02AX02 | Opioids | 24 (12.8) |
| Citalopram | N06AB04 | Antidepressants | 23 (12.2) |
| Amlodipine | C08CA01 | Calcium channel blockers | 23 (12.2) |
| Melperone | N05AD03 | Antipsychotics | 23 (12.2) |
| Bromazepam | N05BA08 | Anxiolytics | 20 (10.6) |
| Ramipril | C09AA04 | ACE inhibitors | 18 (9.6) |
| Digoxin | C01AA05 | Cardiac glycosides | 18 (9.6) |
| Tramadol combination | N02AJ13 | Opioids | 16 (8.5) |
| Bisoprolol | C07AB07 | Beta blocking agents | 16 (8.5) |
| Zolpidem | N05CF02 | Hypnotics and Sedatives | 15 (8.0) |
| Donepezil | N06DA02 | Anti-dementia drugs | 14 (7.4) |
| Mirtazapine | N06AX11 | Antidepressants | 14 (7.4) |
| Amiodarone | C01BD01 | Antiarrhythmics | 14 (7.4) |
| Oxazepam | N05BA04 | Anxiolytics | 14 (7.4) |
| Tamsulosin | G04CA02 | Urologicals | 14 (7.4) |
| Memantine | N06DX01 | Anti-dementia drugs | 12 (6.4) |
| Diazepam | N05BA01 | Anxiolytics | 11 (5.9) |
| Gabapentin | N03AX12 | Antiepileptics | 11 (5.9) |
| Trazodone | N06AX05 | Antidepressants | 10 (5.3) |
| Isosorbide mononitrate | C01DA14 | Vasodilatators | 10 (5.3) |
| Clonazepam | N03AE01 | Antiepileptics | 10 (5.3) |
| Codein combination | N02AJ06 | Opioids | 9 (4.8) |
| Risperidone | N05AX08 | Antipsychotics | 8 (4.3) |
| Losartan | C09CA01 | AT II receptor blockers | 8 (4.3) |
| Sertraline | N06AB06 | Antidepressants | 7 (3.7) |
| Levodopa | N04BA01 | Dopaminergic agents | 7 (3.7) |
| Aminophylline | R03DA05 | Drugs for obstructive airway diseases | 7 (3.7) |
| Carvedilol | C07AG02 | Beta blocking agents | 7 (3.7) |
| Fentanyl | N02AB03 | Opioids | 6 (3.2) |
| Rosuvastatin | C10AA07 | Lipid modifying agents | 6 (3.2) |
| Betaxolol | C07AB05 | Beta blocking agents | 6 (3.2) |
| Haloperidol | N05AD01 | Antipsychotics | 6 (3.2) |
| Levomepromazine | N05AA02 | Antipsychotics | 6 (3.2) |
| Pregabalin | N03AX16 | Antiepileptics | 6 (3.2) |
| Nitrofurantoin | J01XE01 | Antibacterials for systemic use | 6 (3.2) |
| Urapidil | C02CA06 | Antiadrenergic agents | 5 (2.7) |
| Rilmenidine | C02AC06 | Antiadrenergic agents | 5 (2.7) |
| Nebivolol | C07AB12 | Beta blocking agents | 5 (2.7) |
| Escitalopram | N06AB10 | Antidepressants | 5 (2.7) |
| Telmisartan | C09CA07 | AT II receptor blockers | 5 (2.7) |
| Midazolam | N05CD08 | Hypnotics and Sedatives | 5 (2.7) |
| Alprazolam | N05BA12 | Anxiolytics | 5 (2.7) |
| Perindopril/Indapamide | C09BA04 | ACE inhibitors combination | 5 (2.7) |
| Verapamil | C08DA01 | Calcium channel blockers | 4 (2.1) |
| Amiloride/Hydrochlorthiazide | C03EA01 | Diuretics | 4 (2.1) |
| Rivastigmine | N06DA03 | Anti-dementia drugs | 4 (2.1) |
| Olanzapine | N05AH03 | Antipsychotics | 4 (2.1) |
| Dutasteride/Tamsulosin | G04CA52 | Urologicals | 4 (2.1) |
| Trimetazidine | C01EB15 | Other cardiac preparations | 4 (2.1) |
| Fosinopril | C09AA09 | ACE inhibitors | 3 (1.6) |
| Isosorbide dinitrate | C01DA08 | Vasodilatators | 3 (1.6) |
| Aceclofenac | M01AB16 | Anti-inflammatory drugs | 3 (1.6) |
| Captopril | C09AA01 | ACE inhibitors | 3 (1.6) |
| Baclofen | M03BX01 | Muscle relaxants | 3 (1.6) |
| Lansoprazole | A02BC03 | Drug for peptic ulcer and reflux | 3 (1.6) |
| Cefuroxime | J01DC02 | Antibacterials for systemic use | 3 (1.6) |
| Levetiracetam | N03AX14 | Antiepileptics | 2 (1.1) |
| Propafenone | C01BC03 | Antiarrhythmics | 2 (1.1) |
| Carbamazepine | N03AF01 | Antiepileptics | 2 (1.1) |
| Diclofenac | M01AB05 | Anti-inflammatory drugs | 2 (1.1) |
| Solifenacin/Tamsulosin | G04CA53 | Urologicals | 2 (1.1) |
| Oxycodone | N02AA05 | Opioids | 2 (1.1) |
| Trandolapril | C09AA10 | ACE inhibitors | 2 (1.1) |
| Levodopa/Carbidopa | N04BA02 | Dopaminergic agents | 2 (1.1) |
| Perindopril/Amlodipine/Indapamide | C09BX01 | ACE inhibitors combination | 2 (1.1) |
| Bicalutamide | L02BB03 | Hormone antagonists | 2 (1.1) |
| Glyceryl trinitrate | C01DA02 | Vasodilatators | 2 (1.1) |
| Fluoxetine | N06AB03 | Antidepressants | 1 (0.5) |
| Dosulepin | N06AA16 | Antidepressants | 1 (0.5) |
| Mianserin | N06AX03 | Antidepressants | 1 (0.5) |
| Candesartan | C09CA06 | AT II receptor blockers | 1 (0.5) |
| Venlafaxine | N06AX16 | Antidepressants | 1 (0.5) |
| Telmisartan/Hydrochlorothiazide | C09DA07 | AT II receptor blockers combination | 1 (0.5) |
| Tizanidine | M03BX02 | Muscle relaxants | 1 (0.5) |
| Lisinopril | C09AA03 | ACE inhibitors | 1 (0.5) |
| Famotidine | A02BA03 | Drug for peptic ulcer and reflux | 1 (0.5) |
| Quinapril/Hydrochlorothiazide | C09BA06 | ACE inhibitors combination | 1 (0.5) |
| Naftidrofuryl | C04AX21 | Peripheral vasodilatators | 1 (0.5) |
| Celiprolol | C07AB08 | Beta blocking agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Paroxetine | N06AB05 | Antidepressants | 1 (0.5) |
| Methyldopa | C02AB01 | Antiadrenergic agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Tianeptine | N06AX14 | Antidepressants | 1 (0.5) |
| Doxazosin | C02CA04 | Antiadrenergic agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Ticagrelor | B01AC24 | Antithrombotic agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide | C09DA01 | ACE inhibitors combination | 1 (0.5) |
| Codeine | R05DA04 | Cough suppressants | 1 (0.5) |
| Acebutolol | C07AB04 | Beta blocking agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Mirabegron | G04BD12 | Urologicals | 1 (0.5) |
| Ibandronic acid | M05BA06 | Drugs affecting bone | 1 (0.5) |
| Levodopa/Benserazide | N04BA02 | Dopaminergic agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Selegiline | N04BD01 | Dopaminergic agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Moxonidine | C02AC05 | Antiadrenergic agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Irbesartan | C09CA04 | ACE inhibitors | 1 (0.5) |
| Perindopril/Amlodipine | C09BB04 | ACE inhibitors combination | 1 (0.5) |
| Cilazapril | C09AA08 | ACE inhibitors | 1 (0.5) |
| Fluphenazine | N05AB02 | Antipsychotics | 1 (0.5) |
| Ropinirole | N04BC04 | Dopaminergic agents | 1 (0.5) |
| Chlorprothixene | N05AF03 | Antipsychotics | 1 (0.5) |