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. 2020 Nov 7;759:143493. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143493

Table 1.

Experimental characteristics of studies on detection of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic wastewater.

Study Location Sample source Volume used (mL) Removal of large debris and suspended solids Concentration method Detection ratea qPCR assay
(Medema et al., 2020b) The Netherlands WWTP Influent 100–200 Centrifugation Ultrafiltration: Centricon® Plus-70 14/18 CDC N1, N2, N3, E_Sarbeco
(F. Wu et al., 2020) Boston, MA, USA WWTP Influent 40 Filtration Precipitation-flocculation: PEG 8000 + NaCl + 0.22 μm Filter 10/10 CDC N1, N2, N3
(Wurtzer et al., 2020b) Paris, France WWTP Influent 11 None Ultracentrifugation 18/18 E_Sarbeco
WWTP Treated 6/8
(Ahmed et al., 2020a) Brisbane, Australia WWTP Influent 100–200 None Electronegative membrane filtrationb 1/8 N_Sarbeco, NIID_2019-nCoV
Sewer Network 0/1
WWTP Influent Centrifugation Ultrafiltration: Centricon® Plus-70 1/8
Sewer Network 0/1
(Nemudryi et al., 2020) Bozeman, MT, USA WWTP Influent 500 Sequential filtration (20, 5, 0.45 μm filters) Ultrafiltration: Corning® Spin-X® UF concentrators 5/5 CDC N1, N2
WWTP Influent 2/2
(Randazzo et al., 2020a) Valencia, Spain WWTP Influent 200 None Precipitation-flocculationb: AlCl3 12/14 CDC N1, N2
WWTP Treated 0/9
(Bar-Or et al., 2020) Israel WWTP Influent 400 Centrifugation Precipitation-flocculation + Ultrafiltration PEG 8000 + 0.22 μm filter + Amicon® Ultra-15 3/17 E_Sarbeco
Sewer Network 200 7/9
WWTP Influent 400 Alum +0.22 μm filter + Amicon® Ultra-15 1/2
Sewer Network 200 1/3
(Rimoldi et al., 2020) Milan, Italy WWTP Influent 500 Sequential filtration (0.7, 0.2 μm filters) None 4/8 Liferiver, N, E_Sarbeco, ORF1ab,
WWTP Treated 0/4
Surface water 3/4
(Kocamemi et al., 2020a) Istanbul, Turkey WWTP Influent 250 Centrifugation + Sequential filtration (0.45, 0.22 μm filters) Precipitation-flocculationb: PEG 8000 + NaCl 5/7 RdRp
Sewer Network 2/2
(Wurtzer et al., 2020a) Paris, France WWTP Influent 11 None Ultracentrifugation 30/30 E_Sarbeco, RdRp
(La Rosa et al., 2020) Milan & Rome, Italy WWTP Influent 250 Centrifugation Precipitation-flocculation: PEG 8000 + Dextran 6/12 ORF1ab, Spike
(Kocamemi et al., 2020b) Istanbul, Turkey WWTP Sludge 250 Centrifugation + Sequential filtration (0.45, 0.22 μm filters) Precipitation-flocculationb: PEG 8000 + NaCl 9/9 RdRp
(Randazzo et al., 2020b) Murcia, Spain WWTP Influent 200 None Precipitation-flocculationb: AlCl3 + Beef extract 35/43 CDC N1, N2, N3
WWTP Treated 3/30
(Medema et al., 2020a) The Netherlands WWTP Influent 36–150 Centrifugation Ultrafiltration: Centricon® Plus-70 20/22 CDC N1, N2, N3, E_Sarbeco
(Peccia et al., 2020) New Haven, CT, USA WWTP Sludge 2.5 None None 43/43 CDC N1, N2
(Green et al., 2020) Syracuse, NY, USA WWTP Influent 20 None Ultracentrifugation: sucrose cushion (50% sucrose in TNE buffer) 6/12 RdRp (IP2, IP4)
Sewer Network 20 7/10
(Balboa et al., 2020) Ourense, Spain WWTP Influent 100 Centrifugation Ultrafiltration: Amicon® Ultra-15 5/5 Allplex N, E_Sarbeco, RdRp
WWTP Treated 1/10
WWTP Sludge 50 None Precipitation-flocculation + Ultrafiltration:
PEG 8000 + Glycin buffer +0.45 μm PES membrane + NaCl
14/35
(Haramoto et al., 2020) Yamanashi, Japan WWTP Influent 200 None Adsorption-elution: MgCl2 + 0.8 μm cellulose-ester membrane + elution buffer +0.45 μm filter + Centriprep YM-50 0/5 CDC N1, N2, N_Sarbeco, NIID_2019-nCoV
WWTP Treated 5000 1/5
Surface Water 5000 0/3
WWTP Influent 200 Electronegative filtration: MgCL2 + 0.8 μm cellulose-ester membrane 0/5
WWTP Treated 5000 0/5
Surface Water 5000 0/3
(Sharif et al., 2020) Pakistan Sewer Network 500 Centrifugation Precipitation-flocculation: PEG 8000 + dextran + chloroform 21/78 E_Sarbeco, ORF1ab, N-gene
(Sherchan et al., 2020) Louisiana, USA WWTP Influent 250 None Ultrafiltration: Centricon® Plus-70 2/2 CDC N1, N2
WWTP Treated 250 0/1
WWTP Effluent 250 0/1
WWTP Influent 100 Adsorption-elution: MgCl2 + 0.45 μm electronegative membrane + H2SO4 + NaOH + Centriprep YM-50 0/2
WWTP Treated 750 0/1
WWTP Effluent 750 0/1
(Kumar et al., 2020) Ahmedabad, India WWTP Influent 50 Centrifugation + filtration (0.22 μm) Precipitation-flocculation: PEG 9000 + NaCl 2/2 ORF1ab, N-gene, S-gene
WWTP Treated 50 0/2
a

Only samples collected after the first case are counted.

b

pH adjustment.