Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 study patients.
| Characteristic | PE patients (n = 59) |
CTPA controls (n = 118) |
CT controls (n = 118) |
OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63 (53–79) | 65 (54–78) | 63 (53–78) | – | – |
| Male | 33 (55.9) | 68 (58.1) | 66 (55.9) | – | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 (24.4–31.9) | 26.6 (23.8–29.6) | 25.1 (22.1–29.1) | 1.39 (0.60–3.21) | 1.66 (0.60–4.59) |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 16 (34.4) | 20 (24.4) | 12 (10.2) | 2.02 (0.84–4.90) | 1.61 (0.64–4.05) |
| History of venous thrombosis (PE/DVT) | 5 (8.6) | 13 (11.2) | 7 (6.1) | 0.72 (0.23–2.26) | 1.48 (0.44–4.95) |
| Cancer | 3 (5.1) | 16 (13.6) | 14 (12.0) | 0.34 (0.01–1.23) | 0.37 (0.10–1.40) |
| History of arterial thrombosis | 6 (10.5) | 22 (19.1) | 25 (22.3) | 0.38 (0.12–1.17) | 0.36 (0.13–1.02) |
| Hypertension | 22 (37.2) | 54 (45.8) | 55 (46.6) | 0.7 (0.35–1.39) | 0.61 (0.28–1.31) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 (3.4) | 8 (6.8) | 9 (7.9) | 0.50 (0.11–2.35) | 0.41 (0.09–2.02) |
| Active smoking | 2 (3.5) | 7 (6.6) | 11 (10.2) | 0.52 (0.11–2.53) | 0.32 (0.07–1.60) |
| Time from illness onset to PE diagnosis (days) | 15 (11−20) | – | – | – | – |
| Time from admission to PE diagnosis (days) | 1 (0–8) | – | – | – | – |
| Oxygen–support categoryc | |||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 25 (42.4) | 25 (24.0) | 12 (12.5) | – | – |
| High–flow oxygen (≥6 L/min) | 16 (27.1) | 33 (31.7) | 18 (18.8) | – | – |
| Low–flow oxygen (<6 L/min) or room air | 18 (30.5) | 46 (44.3) | 66 (68.7) | – | – |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation versus none | – | – | – | 2.79 (1.33–5.84) | 8.07 (2.73–23.82) |
| High–flow oxygen versus Low–flow oxygen or room air | – | – | – | 1.46 (0.55–3.91) | 2.91 (1.09–7.73) |
| Treatment | |||||
| Hydroxychloroquined | 16 (28.1) | 33 (28.7) | 30 (26.8) | 0.97 (0.46–2.08) | 1.11 (0.46–2.66) |
| Prophylactic anticoagulation | 32 (55.2) | 39 (33.6) | 44 (39.6) | 0.38 (0.12–1.22) | 1.31 (0.31–5.57) |
| Therapeutic anticoagulationd | 4 (6.9) | 18 (15.5) | 6 (5.4) | 0.39 (0.12–1.20) | 1.32 (0.31–5.57) |
| Outcome | |||||
| Hospital length of stay before discharge alive (days) | 12 (3–18) | 8 (2–15) | 5 (2−10) | 1.06 (0.32–3.44) | 2.00 (0.72–5.59) |
| Death | 12 (20.3) | 19 (16.1) | 14 (11.9) | 1.36 (0.59–3.14) | 2.09 (0.83–5.31) |
Continuous parameters are reported as median (IQR) and data expressed as n (%). All percentages were calculated for available data for each variable. aPE patients versus CTPA controls; bPE patients versus CT controls; cHigher oxygen-support category during hospital stay. dbefore PE diagnosis in PE patients. BMI = body mass index; PE = pulmonary embolism; DVT deep vein thrombosis; CTPA = computed tomography pulmonary angiogram; CT = unenhanced computed tomography; OR = odds ratio.