Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of 1,173 LiNK Study Participants with Complete Respiratory Symptom Data
| Variables | N | COPD (n = 53) |
No COPD (n = 1,120) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | 1173 | ||||
| Age, in years: Mean ± SD | 1173 | 54.1 (12.2) | 46.7 (10.3) | <0.01 | |
| Sex: Female | 622 | 20 (37.7%) | 602 (53.8%) | 0.03 | |
| Head of house: Yes | 855 | 46 (86.8%) | 809 (72.3%) | 0.03 | |
| Working: Yes | 1066 | 47 (88.7%) | 1019(91.1%) | 0.72 | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 1173 | 0.63 | |||
| Single | 150 | 7 (13.2%) | 141 (12.6%) | ||
| Married | 742 | 35 (66%) | 706 (63.1%) | ||
| Cohabiting | 67 | 2 (3.8%) | 64 (5.8%) | ||
| Separated/Divorced | 93 | 2 (3.8%) | 90 (8.1%) | ||
| Widow/Widower | 108 | 7 (13.2%) | 101 (9%) | ||
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Household size, median (IQR) | 1173 | 4 (2, 6) | 5 (3, 7) | 0.32 | |
| Has chimney, n (%) | 243 | 17 (32.1%) | 226 (20.3%) | 0.06 | |
| Current Biomass use, n (%) | 1140 | 53 (100%) | 1087 (97.1%) | 0.40 | |
| Cooking location, n (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Outside the house | 576 | 23 (43.4%) | 553 (49.4%) | ||
| Inside the main living area | 102 | 1 (1.9%) | 101 (9%) | ||
| In a separate room/hut | 494 | 29 (54.7%) | 465 (41.6%) | ||
| Fuel source | <0.01 | ||||
| Wood | 690 | 44 (83%) | 646 (57.7%) | ||
| Coal | 450 | 9 (17%) | 441 (39.4%) | ||
| Other | 33 | 0 (0) | 33 (2.9%) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Daily Smoker | 97 | 10 (18.9%) | 87 (7.8%) | 0.01 | |
| Pack-years: Median (IQR) | 1173 | 0 (0, 1.5) | 0 (0, 0) | <0.01 | |
| Pack-years: Mean ± SD | 1173 | 2.1 (4.8) | 0.8 (3.6) | 0.01 | |
| Lung function, median z-score (IQR) | |||||
| Pre-bronchodilator FEV | 1173 | −1.95 (−2.30,-1.60,) | −0.30 (−0.37,-0.24) | <0.01 | |
| Pre-bronchodilator FVC | 1173 | −0.57 (−1.00,-0.15) | −0.27 (−0.33,-0.20) | 0.07 | |
| Pre-bronchodilator FEV/FVC ratio | 1173 | −3.43 (−3.85,-3.00) | −0.10 (−0.15),-0.04 | <0.01 | |
| Peak Expiratory Flow | 1173 | 290 (258, 322) | 432 (426, 439) | <0.01 | |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 1173 | 21.8 (4.7) | 24.9 (5) | <0.01 | |
| History of pulmonary tuberculosis, n (%) | 1173 | 7 (15.2%) | 30 (3%) | <0.01 | |