Table 1.
Selected baseline characteristics before and after PS weighting in the overall cohort
| Before PS weighting |
After PS weighting |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Drug treated (n = 282,366) | Ablation (n = 7465) | Total (N = 289,831) | Drug treated (n = 282,366) | Ablation (n = 7465) | Standard mean difference |
| Age (y) | 73.4 ± 10.2 | 65.9 ± 10.2 | 73.2 ± 10.3 | 67.1 ± 11.1 | 67.1 ± 10.0 | 0.00 |
| 18–64 | 18.7 | 42.3 | 19.3 | 37.3 | 37.3 | 0.00 |
| 65–74 | 27.1 | 36.7 | 27.3 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 0.00 |
| ≥75 | 54.2 | 21.0 | 53.4 | 25.2 | 25.2 | 0.00 |
| Female sex | 48.0 | 34.5 | 47.6 | 36.7 | 36.7 | 0.00 |
| Race | ||||||
| Asian | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.00 |
| Black | 12.9 | 8.8 | 12.8 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 0.00 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 6.4 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 0.00 |
| White | 74.2 | 81.0 | 74.4 | 79.9 | 79.9 | 0.00 |
| Other/unknown | 4.8 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.00 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| HFrEF | 37.9 | 43.0 | 38.0 | 43.0 | 43.0 | 0.00 |
| Cardiomyopathy | ||||||
| None | 47.5 | 38.1 | 47.3 | 38.8 | 38.8 | 0.00 |
| Hypertrophic | 1.9 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0.00 |
| Ischemic | 9.0 | 12.1 | 9.1 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 0.00 |
| Dilated | 41.6 | 46.2 | 41.8 | 45.9 | 45.9 | 0.00 |
| Implanted device | ||||||
| None | 73.7 | 74.6 | 73.7 | 72.2 | 72.2 | 0.00 |
| CRT – defibrillator | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.00 |
| ICD | 11.7 | 12.6 | 11.7 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 0.00 |
| CRT – pacemaker | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.00 |
| Dual-chamber pacemaker | 8.1 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 0.00 |
| Single-chamber pacemaker | 4.7 | 3.1 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.00 |
| Cardioversion | 11.6 | 60.9 | 12.9 | 53.6 | 53.6 | 0.00 |
| Hypertension | 95.9 | 94.7 | 95.9 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 0.00 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 48.7 | 39.0 | 48.5 | 40.9 | 40.9 | 0.00 |
| Thromboembolism | 27.2 | 19.3 | 27.0 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 0.00 |
| CAD | 74.8 | 73.8 | 74.8 | 74.2 | 74.2 | 0.00 |
| Myocardial infarction | 31.3 | 26.6 | 31.2 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 0.00 |
| Prior valve procedure | 5.6 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 0.00 |
| Intracranial bleeding | 3.6 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.00 |
| Stage 3–5 CKD | 27.1 | 17.3 | 26.8 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 0.00 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 23.2 | 45.0 | 23.8 | 41.9 | 41.9 | 0.00 |
| Previous drug treatment | ||||||
| No. of previous AADs | ||||||
| 0 | 76.9 | 21.6 | 75.5 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 0.00 |
| 1 | 20.5 | 48.6 | 21.2 | 50.1 | 50.1 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 2.2 | 22.6 | 2.8 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 0.00 |
| ≥3 | 0.3 | 7.1 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.00 |
| Prior use of amiodarone | 15.5 | 45.5 | 16.2 | 42.0 | 42.0 | 0.00 |
| No. of previous rate-control drugs | ||||||
| 0 | 14.8 | 5.9 | 14.6 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 0.00 |
| 1 | 45.1 | 32.1 | 44.8 | 34.0 | 34.0 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 27.9 | 34.6 | 28.1 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 0.00 |
| ≥3 | 12.2 | 27.4 | 12.5 | 24.9 | 24.9 | 0.00 |
| Concurrent use of digitalis | 21.5 | 16.4 | 21.3 | 17.7 | 17.7 | 0.00 |
| Concurrent medication | ||||||
| Oral anticoagulant | ||||||
| None | 60.7 | 23.8 | 59.7 | 28.4 | 28.4 | 0.00 |
| Warfarin | 27.2 | 34.7 | 27.4 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 0.00 |
| NOAC | 12.1 | 41.4 | 12.9 | 36.6 | 36.6 | 0.00 |
| ACE inhibitors | 31.0 | 33.0 | 31.0 | 33.1 | 33.1 | 0.00 |
| ARB | 16.9 | 22.1 | 17.0 | 21.4 | 21.4 | 0.00 |
| Other β-blockers | 83.3 | 66.1 | 82.8 | 68.7 | 68.7 | 0.00 |
| Statin | 45.1 | 46.6 | 45.2 | 47.4 | 47.4 | 0.00 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 1.7 | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 0.00 |
| Baseline period duration (y) Trial eligibility | 3.2 ± 3.3 | 4.4 ± 3.4 | 3.2 ± 3.3 | 4.0 ± 4.2 | 4.0 ± 3.0 | 0.00 |
| Ineligible for CASTLE-AF | 92.3 | 90.6 | 92.2 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 0.00 |
| Lack systolic HF | 37.9 | 43.0 | 38.0 | 57.0 | 57.0 | 0.00 |
| Lack of defibrillator | 86.7 | 85.3 | 86.7 | 72.2 | 72.2 | 0.00 |
| Met one of the exclusion criteria | 15.7 | 6.0 | 15.5 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 0.00 |
| Contraindication for anticoagulation | 5.4 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.00 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or as percentage.
AAD = antiarrhythmic drug;ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme;ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker;CAD = coronary artery disease;CASTLE-AF = Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation with Heart Failure;CKD = chronic kidney disease;CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy;HF = heart failure;HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction;ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator;NOAC = non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; PS = propensity score.