Figure 1.

(A) Map showing geographic distribution of color pattern races of the silvaniform clade species (orange; H. pardalinus, H. elevatus, H. besckei, H. ethilla, and H. hecale) and H. melpomene (red) used in the analyses. The postman color pattern is found in H. melpomene amaryllis/nanna/rosina/melpomene and H. besckei (H. m. melponene lacks the yellow hindwing bar). The dennis-rayed pattern is found in H. melpomene aglaope/thelxiopeia/meriana and H. elevatus pseudocupidineus/bari/tumatumari (H. m. meriana and H. e. tumatumari lack hindwing rays). (B) Cladogram showing the relationships between taxa, based on the species topology inferred here. Note the paraphyly of the species H. elevatus and H. pardalinus (Dasmahapatra et al. 2012). The species H. erato, used here as an outgroup, mimics the appearance of the races of H. melpomene with which it co-occurs. (C) Phenotypes investigated in this study and known to be controlled by the three major wing patterning genes, optix, cortex, and WntA.