Table 2.
Intrinsic motivation to visit nature, likelihood of visiting nature and experiences on the most recent nature visit as a function of common mental health disorder (CMD) status and perceived social pressure to visit nature.
| Intrinsic motivation | Model 1 (without perceived social pressure) | Model 2 (with perceived social pressure) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | 95% CIs | P | B | 95% CIs | P | |||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| CMDa | ||||||||
| None (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Depression only | − 0.14** | (− 0.23, | − 0.05) | 0.002 | 0.03 | (− 0.12, | 0.19) | 0.682 |
| Anxiety only | − 0.33*** | (− 0.42, | − 0.25) | < 0.001 | − 0.33*** | (− 0.48, | − 0.18) | < 0.001 |
| Both | − 0.24*** | (− 0.34, | − 0.14) | < 0.001 | − 0.29** | (− 0.45, | − 0.12) | 0.001 |
| Perceived social pressure (PSP) | – | – | – | – | –0.09*** | (− 0.10, | − 0.08) | < 0.001 |
| Depression × PSP | – | – | – | – | − 0.06* | (− 0.10, | − 0.01) | 0.022 |
| Anxiety × PSP | – | – | – | – | 0.01 | (− 0.03, | 0.06) | 0.603 |
| Both × PSP | – | – | – | – | 0.03 | (− 0.02, | 0.08) | 0.194 |
| Constant | 5.59 | 5.72 | ||||||
| n | 17,570 | 17,570 | ||||||
| R2 | 0.07 | 0.08 | ||||||
| F | 31.77 | 34.99 | ||||||
| ≥ Weekly visits | OR | 95% CIs | P | OR | 95% CIs | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| CMDa | ||||||||
| None (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Depression only | 1.03 | (0.88, | 1.20) | 0.736 | 0.87 | (0.67, | 1.12) | 0.278 |
| Anxiety only | 1.19* | (1.02, | 1.38) | 0.026 | 0.89 | (0.69, | 1.15) | 0.374 |
| Both | 1.00 | (0.85, | 1.19) | 0.958 | 0.87 | (0.66, | 1.15) | 0.318 |
| Perceived social pressure (PSP) | – | – | – | – | 1.02 | (1.00, | 1.04) | 0.050 |
| Depression × PSP | – | – | – | – | 1.07 | (0.98, | 1.16) | 0.134 |
| Anxiety × PSP | – | – | – | – | 1.11* | (1.02, | 1.20) | 0.012 |
| Both × PSP | – | – | – | – | 1.05 | (0.97, | 1.14) | 0.238 |
| Constant | − 0.34 | − 0.36 | ||||||
| n | 17,570 | 17,570 | ||||||
| Pseudo R2 (Cox & Snell) | 0.09 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Happiness last visit | B | 95% CIs | P | B | 95% CIs | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| CMDa | ||||||||
| None (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Depression only | − 0.04 | (− 0.12, | 0.04) | 0.325 | 0.01 | (− 0.12, | 0.14) | 0.901 |
| Anxiety only | –0.17*** | (− 0.24, | − 0.10) | < 0.001 | − 0.06 | (− 0.19, | 0.07) | 0.342 |
| Both | 0.10* | (0.01, | 0.19) | 0.031 | 0.09 | (− 0.06, | 0.24) | 0.234 |
| Perceived social pressure (PSP) | – | – | – | – | − 0.04*** | (− 0.05, | − 0.03) | < 0.001 |
| Depression × PSP | – | – | – | – | − 0.01 | (− 0.05, | 0.03) | 0.528 |
| Anxiety × PSP | – | – | – | – | − 0.03 | (− 0.07, | 0.01) | 0.103 |
| Both × PSP | – | – | – | – | 0.01 | (− 0.03, | 0.05) | 0.659 |
| Constant | 4.60 | 4.65 | ||||||
| n | 14,012 | 14,012 | ||||||
| R2 | 0.20 | 0.20 | ||||||
| F | 85.10 | 78.31 | ||||||
| Anxiety last visit | B | 95% CIs | P | B | 95% CIs | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| CMDa | ||||||||
| None (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Depression only | 0.17** | (0.07, | 0.28) | 0.001 | − 0.25** | (− 0.42, | − 0.09) | 0.003 |
| Anxiety only | 0.20*** | (0.11, | 0.30) | < 0.001 | − 0.20* | (− 0.35, | − 0.04) | 0.017 |
| Both | 0.24*** | (0.12, | 0.35) | < 0.001 | − 0.05 | (− 0.24, | 0.13) | 0.576 |
| Perceived social pressure (PSP) | 0.18*** | (0.17, | 0.19) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Depression × PSP | – | – | – | – | 0.15*** | (0.09, | 0.20) | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety × PSP | – | – | – | – | 0.13*** | (0.08, | 0.17) | <0 .001 |
| Both × PSP | – | – | – | – | 0.09** | (0.04, | 0.14) | 0.001 |
| Constant | 0.98 | 0.86 | ||||||
| n | 13,975 | 13,975 | ||||||
| R2 | 0.22 | 0.28 | ||||||
| F | 71.26 | 89.72 | ||||||
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
aSelf-reported doctor-prescribed medication use. Different ns are due to missing data on predictor or outcome variables, with lower ns for the visit experiences due to only n = 14,973 people visiting a relevant location in the last four weeks. All analyses control for: sex, age, perceived financial strain, employment status, marital status, number of children in household, having a long-term limiting illness, smoking status, alcohol use, seasonal wave and country. Analyses for visit outcomes also controlled for number of companions, presence of dog, transport mode, travel time, visit duration and happiness or anxiety ‘yesterday’ (depending on outcome). Full models including all covariate data are available in Supplementary Materials.