Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Variable | Overall (n = 103) |
Non-CAN (n = 60) |
CAN (n = 43) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n(%) | 37(35.9) | 18(30.0) | 19(44.2) | 0.139 |
| Age (years) | 54 ± 9 | 51 ± 9 | 58 ± 8 | <0.001∗∗∗ |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8(3, 15) | 5(2, 10) | 15(6, 18) | <0.001∗∗∗ |
| Smoking history, n(%) | 24(23.3) | 12(20.0) | 12(27.9) | 0.349 |
| Drinking history, n(%) | 23(22.3) | 15(25.0) | 8(18.6) | 0.442 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 49(47.6) | 31(51.7) | 18(41.9) | 0.326 |
| Family history of diabetes, n(%) | 45(43.7) | 27(45.0) | 18(41.9) | 0.751 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 2.9 | 24.5 ± 2.7 | 24.5 ± 3.2 | 0.947 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 0.556 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 73 ± 11 | 70 ± 10 | 76 ± 13 | 0.013∗ |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic BP | 127 ± 15 | 126 ± 15 | 128 ± 16 | 0.508 |
| Diastolic BP | 81 ± 10 | 81 ± 10 | 80 ± 9 | 0.404 |
| Microvascular complications, n(%) | ||||
| DSPN | 67(65.0) | 32(53.3) | 35(81.4) | 0.003∗∗ |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 43(41.7) | 19(31.7) | 24(55.8) | 0.014∗ |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 31(30.1) | 9(15.0) | 22(51.2) | <0.001∗∗∗ |
| Laboratory variables | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 9.8 ± 3.3 | 9.7 ± 3.6 | 9.9 ± 3.0 | 0.764 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.6 ± 2.7 | 9.6 ± 2.9 | 9.7 ± 2.5 | 0.864 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.76 ± 1.06 | 4.81 ± 1.10 | 4.69 ± 1.02 | 0.579 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.17 ± 1.50 | 2.38 ± 1.61 | 1.88 ± 1.30 | 0.095 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.82 ± 0.92 | 2.88 ± 0.86 | 2.74 ± 1.00 | 0.425 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.23 ± 0.29 | 1.22 ± 0.28 | 1.24 ± 0.31 | 0.644 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 18.0(7.8, 81.9) | 13.4(6.7, 54.7) | 44.5(10.4, 152.4) | 0.006∗∗ |
Data are means ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). CAN: cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; BP: blood pressure; DSPN: distal symmetric polyneuropathy; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. ∗P < 0.01 (non-CAN group vs. CAN group); ∗∗P < 0.01 (non-CAN group vs. CAN group); ∗∗∗P < 0.001 (non-CAN group vs. CAN group).