Table 2.
Metabolites related to drug/alcohol-induced effects
| Metabolite | Sample | Drug | Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetate | Liver, Pancreas, Plasma, Serum | Ethanol, Heroin | Human, Mouse, Rat | Bradford et al. (2008), Yoseph et al. (2013), Mostafa et al. (2017), and Ning et al. (2018) |
| Acetoacetate | Pancreas, Serum, Urine | Ethanol, Heroin, Ketamine | Mouse, Rat | Nicholas et al. (2008), Yoseph et al. (2013), Lu et al. (2016), and Ning et al. (2018) |
| Acetylcysteine | CNS | Cocaine, MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), and Bu et al. (2013) |
| Alanine | CNS, Serum, Urine | Ethanol | Human, Mouse, Rat | Nicholas et al. (2008), Bradford et al. (2008), Masuo et al. (2009), and Mostafa et al. (2016) |
| BCAA | CNS, Liver, Urine | Ethanol | Human, Mouse, Rat | Bradford et al. (2008), Masuo et al. (2009), and Vázquez‐Fresno et al. (2012) |
| Choline | CNS, Liver, Pancreas, Serum | Cocaine, Ethanol, Heroin | Mouse, Rat | Masuo et al. (2009), Li et al. (2012), Yoseph et al. (2013), and Ning et al. (2018) |
| Citrate | CNS, Serum, Urine | Ethanol, MAP, Morphine | Human, Monkey, Rat | Deng et al. (2012), Bu et al. (2013), Mostafa et al. (2016), and Würtz et al. (2016) |
| Creatine | CNS, Pancreas, Urine | Cocaine, Ethanol, Ketamine, Morphine | Monkey, Mouse, Rat | Masuo et al. (2009), Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), Yoseph et al. (2013), and Lu et al. (2016) |
| GABA | CNS | Cocaine, Ethanol, MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Gao et al. (2007), Masuo et al. (2009), Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), and Bu et al. (2013) |
| Glucose | CNS, Liver, Serum | Ethanol, Heroin, Morphine | Monkey, Mouse, Rat | Bradford et al. (2008), Nicholas et al. (2008), Masuo et al. (2009), Deng et al. (2012), and Ning et al. (2018) |
| Glutamate | CNS, Liver | Cocaine, Ethanol, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Sharma et al. (2003), Xiang et al. (2006), Gao et al. (2007), Masuo et al. (2009), Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), and Li et al. (2012) |
| Glutamine | CNS, Liver, Serum | Ethanol, Heroin, MAP, Morphine | Human, Monkey, Rat | Xiang et al. (2006), Gao et al. (2007), Masuo et al. (2009), Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Bu et al. (2013), Würtz et al. (2016), and Ning et al. (2018) |
| Glycine | CNS, Liver, Urine | Cocaine, Ethanol, Ketamine | Human, Rat | Masuo et al. (2009), Li et al. (2012), Lu et al. (2016), and Irwin et al. (2018) |
| Glutathione | CNS | MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), and Bu et al. (2013) |
| 3-OH-butyrate | CNS, Liver, Pancreas, Serum | Cocaine, Ethanol, Heroin | Mouse, Rat | Nicholas et al. (2008), Li et al. (2012), Yoseph et al. (2013), and Ning et al. (2018) |
| Homocysteic acid | CNS | MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), and Bu et al. (2013) |
| Lactate | CNS, Liver, Serum, Urine | Cocaine, Crack, Ethanol, Heroin, Morphine | Human, Monkey, Mouse, Rat | Sharma et al. (2003), Xiang et al. (2006), Bradford et al. (2008), Nicholas et al. (2008), Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), Mostafa et al. (2016), Costa et al. (2019), Irwin et al. (2018), and Ning et al. (2018) |
| Methionine | CNS | MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), and Bu et al. (2013) |
| Myo-inositol | CNS | Cocaine, Ethanol, MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Sharma et al. (2003), Xiang et al. (2006), Gao et al. (2007), Masuo et al. (2009), Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), and Bu et al. (2013) |
| NAA | CNS | Cocaine, Ethanol, MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Sharma et al. (2003), Gao et al. (2007), Masuo et al. (2009), Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), and Bu et al. (2013) |
| Phosphocholine | CNS, Serum | Cocaine, Heroin, MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), Bu et al. (2013), and Ning et al. (2018) |
| Succinate | CNS, Urine | Cocaine, GHB, Ketamine, MAP, Morphine | Human, Rat | Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), Bu et al. (2013), Lu et al. (2016), and Palomino-Schätzlein et al. (2017) |
| Succinic acid semialdehyde | CNS | MAP, Morphine | Monkey, Rat | Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), and Bu et al. (2013) |
| Taurine | CNS, Urine | Cocaine, Ethanol, Ketamine, MAP, Morphine | Human, Monkey, Mouse, Rat | Xiang et al. (2006), Gao et al. (2007), Bradford et al. (2008), Masuo et al. (2009), Deng et al. (2012), Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), Bu et al. (2013), Lu et al. (2016), and Irwin et al. (2018) |
BCAA branched chain aminoacids, CNS central nervous system, GHB γ-hydroxybutyric acid, MAP methamphetamine