Table 2.

Bioactive compounds against CNS disorders from native species of Bangladesh

Species name	Active compounds	Mechanism of action	Ailments	References
Acorus calamus L.	α-Asarone, β-asarone	Acetylcholiesterase inhibitor	Alzheimer’s disease, memory loss	[284]
Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst.	Bacoside A3, bacopaside II, bacopasaponin C, bacopaside X	Inhibits β-amyloid (Aβ) and fibrilation	Alzheimer’s disease, memory loss	[41]
Blumea balsamifera DC.	Blumpenes A, B, C, and D	Inhibition of NO	Alzheimer’s disease	[158]
Cannabis sativa L.	Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol	Inhibits β-amyloid	Alzheimer’s disease	[285]
		Attenuates the motor coordination deficits and huntingtin aggregate	Huntington’s disease	[85]
		Prevent neuronal damage	Parkinson’s disease	[286]
	Cannabidiol	Reduces Aβ–induced neuroinflammation	Alzheimer’s disease	[287]
		Prevent neuronal damage	Parkinson’s disease	[286]
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.	Asiatic acid	Prevent MPTP/p-induced neuronal cells loss	Parkinson’s disease	[47]
Citrus grandis Osbeck	3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Heptamethoxyflavone	Induce activation of ERK1/2 and CREB in cultured neurons	Memory disorders, Alzheimer’s disease	[264]
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (Syn:Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.)	Acteoside	Inhibits β-amyloid	Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive deficit	[82, 83]
Costus speciosus (J.Koenig) Sm.	Costunolide	Inhibition of NFkappaB and MAPKinase activation	Neuroinflammatory diseases	[167]
Curcuma longa L.	Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bis-demethoxycurcumin	Prevent acute neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis	Neuroinflammation and memory impairment, Parkinson’s disease	[50, 51]
Cyperus rotundus Vahl	α-Cyperone, terpinen-4-ol	Destabilization of microtubule fibers in brain	Brain inflammation	[61, 62]
Lantana camara L.	Ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside	Unknown	Anxiety	[272]
Nigella sativa L.	Thymoquinone	Inhibits β-amyloid	Alzheimer’s disease	[288]
		Retrieved dopaminergic neurons	Parkinson’s disease	[257]
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth.	Apigenin, baicalein, baicalin, chrysin, hispidulin, oroxylin A	Induce neuronal differentiation	Disorder of nerve tissue development	[144]
Piper betel Blanco	Hydroxychavicol	Atenuate cytokines and both β- and γ-secretase	Cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer’s disease	[243]
Piper cubeba L.f.	Cubebin	Acetylcholiesterase inhibitor	Cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer’s disease	[244]
Piper retrofractum Vahl	Piperodione	Nerve growth factor (NGF) potentiation	Neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s disease	[247]
Santalum album L.	α-Santalol, β-santalol	Sedation	Anxiety	[289]
Solanum indicum L.	Seasmol	Protect blood–brain barrier breakdown	Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis	[267]
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Withanolide A, withanone, withaferin A, withanoside IV, sitoindoside VII, sitoindoside VIII, sitoindoside IX, sitoindoside X	Prevent loss of axons, dendrites, and synapses; neuroprotection, enhance antioxidant enzymes	Alzheimer’s disease	[73, 78, 80, 290]
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Syn: Ziziphus jujube Mill.)	cis-9,10Octadecenamide, jujuboside-A, jujuboside-B	Increase cholinesterase and cholinesterasetrasferase activity, GABA-binding modulation	Epilepsy, depression, memory loss	[259, 260, 291]

CREB cAMP response element-binding protein; MAPKinase mitogen-activated protein kinases; ERK1/2 extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2; NFkappaB nuclear factor kappa of activated B cells