Table 1.
Recent studies on plant-derived compounds against bovine mastitis
| Plant/Extract | In vitro/in vivo model | Stimulant | Mechanisms of action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baicalein [83] | BALB/c mouse | LPS | Attenuate inflammation by suppressing activation of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathway |
| Thymol [88] | BALB/c mouse | LPS | |
| Resveratrol [125] | BALB/c mouse | LPS | |
| Bergenin [126] | BALB/c mouse | LPS | |
| Leonurine [127] | BALB/c mouse | LPS | |
| Curcumin [92] | BALB/c mouse | LPS | |
| Luteolin [128] | BALB/c mouse | Staph. aureus | |
| Puerarin [129] | BALB/c mouse | Staph. aureus | |
| Baicalin [85] | BALB/c mouse | Staph. aureus | |
| Baicalin [87] | Primary bMEC | LPS | |
| Morin [130] | Primary bMEC | LPS | |
| Forsythoside A [131] | Primary bMEC | Staph. aureus | |
| Phytoncide [132] | MAC-T | LPS | |
| Moringa oleifera leaf extract [133] | MAC-T | LPS | |
| Resveratrol [90] | MAC-T | H2O2 | |
| Baicalin [86] | BALB/c mouse | Staph. aureus | Inhibits apoptosis by regulating TLR2, BCL-2, BAX, and caspase-3 |
| Thymol [89] | bMEC | Staph. aureus | Inhibits Staph. aureus internalization by inhibiting NF-κB activation |
| Citral and linalool [101] | MAC-T | Staph. aureus | Inhibits Staph. aureus growth and biofilm formation, reduced adhesion and invasion in MAC-T by altering expression of the virulence genes |
| Baicalin [84] | N/A | N/A | Antimicrobial action against E. coli, damage bacteria cell wall and affecting the drug resistance genes of E. coli, reduce antimicrobial agents’ resistance |
| Limonene [134] | N/A | N/A | Antimicrobial activity against Strep. uberis |
| Liquidambar orientalis leaf extracts [135] | N/A | N/A | Antimicrobial activity against Staph. aureus and Coagulase Negative Stapylococci |
| Thalictrum minus root extract [136] | N/A | N/A | Antimicrobial activity against Staph. xylosus, Staph. lentus, Staph. equorum, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pantoea agglomerans |
| Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract and Juglans regia plant extract [137] | N/A | N/A | Inhibits Staph. aureus growth and biofilm formation |
| Terminalia chebula fruit extracts [138] | N/A | N/A | Antimicrobial activity against Staph. aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium |
| Poncirus trifoliate fruit extract [139] | N/A | N/A | Antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Haemopillus somnus, Burkholderia spp., Haemopillus parsuis, Clostridium perfringens, and Pantoea agglomerans |
LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLR, toll-like receptor; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAC-T, bovine mammary alveolar cells; BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BAX, BCL-2-like protein 4; bMEC, bovine mammary epithelial cells.