Table 2.
Subgroup Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Results: Comparisons of Patients with VE and BE; Differences of AE Patients with NSAbs and Intracellular Abs
| IE | AE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VE | BE | NSAbs | Intracellular Abs | NAAb negative | |
| Onset symptom, No. (%) | |||||
| Headache | 4(25.0%) | 22(57.9%)* | 3(14.3%) | 1(16.7%) | 2(25.0%) |
| Fever | 13(81.3%) | 23(60.5%) | 6(28.6%) | 3(50.0%) | 5(62.5%) |
| Seizure | 9(56.3%) | 13(34.2%) | 15(71.4%) | 3(50.0%) | 4(50.0%) |
| Involuntary movement | 1(6.3%) | 1(2.6%) | 9(42.9%) | 1(16.7%) | 1(12.5%) |
| Memory deficit | 2(12.5%) | 3(7.9%) | 11(52.4%) | 1(16.7%) | 1(12.5%) |
| Elapsed time between symptom onset and diagnosis (days) | 7.8 ± 7.3 | 7.2 ± 8 | 41.8 ± 60.1 | 38.7 ± 31 | 10.9 ± 7.8b |
| Admission to hospital (days) | 18.6 ± 9.3 | 15.9 ± 8.4 | 21.3 ± 8.5 | 15.2 ± 3.7# | 23.5 ± 12.8 |
| ICU stay, No. (%) | 6(37.5%) | 10(26.3%) | 3(14.3%) | 1(16.7%) | 1(12.5%) |
| The first CSF findings | |||||
| CSF WBC (> 5 × 106/L), No. (%) | 8(50.0%) | 23(60.5%) | 13(61.9%) | 3(50.0%) | 7(87.5%) |
| CSF protein level (g/L) | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.5 a |
| CSF chloride level (mmol/L) | 124.1 ± 5 | 124.6 ± 7.5 | 125.4 ± 6.2 | 122.7 ± 7.1 | 114.9 ± 25.6 |
| CSF LDH level (U/L) | 47.1 ± 41.5 | 29.8 ± 35.3 | 19.3 ± 11.4 | 49.2 ± 58.6# | 32.9 ± 19.7 a |
| CSF Lac level (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 3.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 a |
| CSF ADA level (U/L) | 1.5 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.8 ± 1.5 | 2.4 ± 3.1 | 1.2 ± 1.1 a |
| CSF CRP level (mg/L) | 0.6 ± 1.8 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0 |
| Positive rate of Pandy test, No. (%) | 12(75%) | 32(84.25%) | 10(47.6%) | 5(83.3%) | 5(62.5%) |
| The first serum findings | |||||
| Blood sodium level (mmol/L) | 137.8 ± 5.2 | 138.1 ± 5.5 | 136.4 ± 4.9 | 138.7 ± 4.5 | 138.7 ± 5.7 |
| Blood potassium level (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.4 |
| Blood calcium level (mmol/L) | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2* | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1# | 2.2 ± 0.2 |
| Blood chlorine level (mmol/L) | 100.2 ± 4.5 | 99.7 ± 4.6 | 98.6 ± 5.2 | 102 ± 4.6 | 89.7 ± 35.5 |
| Blood leukocyte count (× 109/L) | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 7.7 ± 3 | 10.5 ± 4 | 8.9 ± 3.2 | 10.4 ± 3 |
| Blood erythrocyte count (× 1012/L) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4 ± 0.5# | 4.7 ± 0.7 |
| Blood platelet count (× 109/L) | 199.4 ± 72.6 | 236.3 ± 89.1 | 272 ± 106 | 248.7 ± 90.2 | 311.4 ± 173.5 |
Notes: Data are presented as No. (%) or mean ± standard deviation; significant differences are indicated by *VE versus BE, p < 0.05; #NSAbs versus Intracellular Abs, p < 0.05; aNSAbs versus NAAb negative p < 0.05; bIntracellular Abs versus NAAb negative p < 0.05.
Abbreviations: AE, autoimmune encephalitis; IE, infectious encephalitis; VE, viral encephalitis; BE, bacterial encephalitis; No., number; CSF, cerebral spinal fluid; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; WBC, white blood cell; ICU, intensive care unit; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; Lac, lactic acid; ADA, adenosine deaminase; Abs, antibodies; NSAbs, neural cell-surface antibodies; NAAb, neural autoantibodies.