Table 3.
Zero-inflated negative binomial results of political economy, multidimensional factors* and COVID-19 cases
| Variables | Dependent variables: Number of COVID-19 cases (cases) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
| Cases (− 1) | 0.036*** | 0.036*** | 0.036*** | 0.034*** | 0.036*** | 0.035*** | 0.031*** | 0.034*** | 0.040*** | 0.035*** |
| (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.003) | |
| Yoruba | − 0.143 | 0.608*** | ||||||||
| (0.141) | (0.176) | |||||||||
| Igbo | − 0.752*** | −0.608*** | ||||||||
| (0.151) | (0.176) | |||||||||
| Hausa | 0.752*** | 0.143 | ||||||||
| (0.151) | (0.141) | |||||||||
| Religion (Muslim) | 1.101*** | |||||||||
| (0.155) | ||||||||||
| Resources | − 0.556*** | |||||||||
| (0.155) | ||||||||||
| Surface area | − 0.100 | |||||||||
| (0.074) | ||||||||||
| International airports | 0.646*** | |||||||||
| (0.130) | ||||||||||
| Seaports | 0.326* | |||||||||
| (0.168) | ||||||||||
| Education | − 0.522*** | |||||||||
| (0.118) | ||||||||||
| APC states | 0.643*** | |||||||||
| (0.123) | ||||||||||
| Constant | 1.551*** | 0.800*** | 1.408*** | 0.445*** | 1.460*** | 2.369*** | 1.201*** | 1.336*** | 1.610*** | 0.929*** |
| (0.089) | (0.134) | (0.134) | (0.146) | (0.081) | (0.755) | (0.079) | (0.075) | (0.095) | (0.109) | |
| Inflators: | ||||||||||
| Cases (− 1) | − 0.673*** | − 0.673*** | − 0.673*** | − 0.662*** | − 0.713*** | − 0.676*** | − 0.671*** | − 0.689*** | − 0.698*** | − 0.682*** |
| (0.107) | (0.107) | (0.107) | (0.106) | (0.109) | (0.100) | (0.100) | (0.103) | (0.108) | (0.105) | |
| Yoruba | − 0.410** | − 0.463** | ||||||||
| (0.188) | (0.210) | |||||||||
| Igbo | 0.054 | 0.463** | ||||||||
| (0.170) | (0.210) | |||||||||
| Hausa | − 0.054 | 0.410** | ||||||||
| (0.170) | (0.188) | |||||||||
| Religion(Muslim) | − 0.189 | |||||||||
| (0.173) | ||||||||||
| Resources | − 0.280 | |||||||||
| (0.185) | ||||||||||
| Surface area | − 0.167* | |||||||||
| (0.087) | ||||||||||
| International airports | − 0.347** | |||||||||
| (0.169) | ||||||||||
| Seaports | − 0.253 | |||||||||
| (0.222) | ||||||||||
| Education | 0.091 | |||||||||
| (0.147) | ||||||||||
| APC states | − 0.185 | |||||||||
| (0.145) | ||||||||||
| Constant | 1.051*** | 1.104*** | 0.641*** | 1.083*** | 1.070*** | 2.680*** | 1.096*** | 1.055*** | 0.927*** | 1.104*** |
| (0.112) | (0.149) | (0.172) | (0.162) | (0.095) | (0.867) | (0.096) | (0.092) | (0.127) | (0.126) | |
| Vuong test | 8.17*** | 8.17*** | 8.17*** | 7.86*** | 8.13*** | 7.84*** | 8.04*** | 8.03*** | 7.82*** | 7.81*** |
| Akaike Inf. criterion | 6007.8 | 6007.8 | 6007.8 | 5978.6 | 6028.0 | 6035.5 | 6002.8 | 6033.1 | 6016.0 | 6004.9 |
| Observations | 2380 | 2380 | 2380 | 2380 | 2380 | 2380 | 2380 | 2380 | 2380 | 2380 |
Standard errors are in parentheses; *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10. The estimated values in italic forms indicate the coefficients and Wald tests are statistical significant. The Vuong tests indicate preference for zero-inflated model over those that do not account for excess zero counts.
*The definition of variables is displayed at the Appendix B