Table 4.
Reported tularemia seroprevalence in the general population or specific at-risk groups.
| Reference | Country | Year of serum sampling* | Population | Serological test (cutoff titer) | Seroprevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Koskela and Herva, 1982b) | Finland (Oulu province) | 1,072 healthy blood donors | TAT (≥80) | 0.7% | |
| (Lévesque et al., 1995) | Canada (Quebec City area) | 1992–1993 | 165 trappers (95.2% men, mean age 40 years) |
LAT (≥20) | 2.4% (controls, 0.6%) |
| (Feldman et al., 2003) | USA (Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts) | 2001 | 132 landscapers | MAT (≥128) | 9.1% |
| 310 healthy residents | 0.3% | ||||
| (Gutiérrez et al., 2003) | Spain (Castilla y Léon region) | 1996–1997 | 4,825 people (48.4% men, mean age 41.2 years, 59.8% rural) |
MAT (≥20) | 0.19% |
| (Porsch-Ozcürümez et al., 2004) | Germany | 6,617 people aged 18–79 years | ELISA (NA) and western blot |
0.23% | |
| (Schmitt et al., 2005) | Germany | 1,140 healthy adults | ELISA (NA) | 0.3% | |
| (Lévesque et al., 2007) | Canada (Lake Mistassini, Quebec province) | 50 Cree community people (22 men, 28 women) |
TAT (≥80) | 4% (men, 9.1%, no woman) |
|
| (Jenzora et al., 2008) | Germany | 286 hunters | ELISA (NA) and western blot |
1.7% | |
| (Splettstoesser et al., 2009) | Germany (Leutkirch, (Baden-Wurttemberg) |
2,416 people living in urban areas | ELISA (NA) and western blot |
2.32% (hunters, 6.25%; farmers, 3.94%) |
|
| (Clark et al., 2012) | Azerbaijan | 2008 | 796 people (43.6% men; mean age, 36.2 years; 100% rural) |
ELISA (NA) | 15.5% (50–64 years, 25%) |
| (Zákutná et al., 2015) | Slovakia | 124 healthy blood donors (62.1% men; 66.1% urban) |
ELISA (NA) and western blot |
4% | |
| (Tobudic et al., 2014) | Austria | 546 people (226 soldiers and 320 civilians; 97.8% men; median age, 26 years) |
Serion ® ELISA | civilians, 0.7% soldiers, 0% |
|
| (Rossow et al., 2015) | Finland | 2000–2001 | 1,045 people (national survey; 46% men; mean age, 53 years) |
ELISA (NA) and western blot |
2% |
| (Büyük et al., 2016) | Turkey (Kars region, Eastern Anatolia) | 201 people (88.6% men; 103 farmers, 45 veterinarians, 42 butchers, and 11 hunters) |
MAT and Serazym ® ELISA |
7.5% (farmers, 13.6%; veterinarians, 2.2%) |
|
| (Gazi et al., 2016) | Turkey (Manisa province, Aegean region) | 2012 | 450 people (48.1% men; mean age, 49.2 years; rural) |
Serion ® ELISA | 7.1% (women, 9.5%; men, 4.5%) |
| (De Keukeleire et al., 2017) | Belgium (Wallonia) | 2011 | 148 people at risk for zoonoses (105 veterinarians, 34 farmers, and nine hunters; 86.5% men; mean age 49 years) |
Serion ® ELISA | 2% |
| 209 blood donors living in rural areas (56.7% men, mean age 43 years) |
0.5% | ||||
| 193 blood donors living in urban areas | 0.5% | ||||
| (Njeru et al., 2017) | Kenya (northeastern, Garissa and Wajir hospitals) | 2014–2015 | 730 febrile hospitalized patients (45.9% men; 652 adults and 78 children) |
Serazym ® ELISA and western blot |
3.7% |
| (Akhvlediani et al., 2018) | Georgia | 2014–2016 | 500 healthy military personnel (95.2% men) |
MAT (≥128) | 2% |
| 2013–2016 | 697 people (44.5% men; rural areas) | 5.02% (men, 6.45%; women, 3.88%) | |||
| (Harrist et al., 2019) | USA (Devils Tower National Monument park, Wyoming, USA) | 2015 | 23 persons working in the park (13 men, aged 21 to 40 years) |
MAT (≥128) | 13% |
| (Esmaeili et al., 2014b) | Iran (Kurdistan province) | 2011–2012 | 250 people (82% men; mean age, 40.1 years; contact with domestic animals, 42%; hunting, 32%) |
Serion ® ELISA | 14.4% (hunters, 18%; >51 years, 26.9%; rural, 16.1%) |
| (Esmaeili et al., 2014a) | Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan province) | 2011 | 184 people (100% men; 120 butchers and 64 slaughterhouse workers; median age, 34 years). |
Serion ® ELISA | 6.5% (butchers, 5%; slaughterhouse workers, 9.4%) |
| (Esmaeili et al., 2019) | Iran (Ilam province) | 2015 | 360 people (76.3% men; rural, 44.7%; 79 farmers, 61 butchers, and slaughterhouse workers) |
Serion ® ELISA | 2.8% (Farmers, 7.6%; butchers, 3.3%; rural, 3.8%) |
*. The year of serum sampling is not specified in many studies. We considered that, in most cases, it was close to the year of the corresponding publication. TAT, tube agglutination test; MAT, microagglutination tests; LAT, latex agglutination test; IFA, immunofluorescence assay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ICT, immunochromatographic assay.