Table 5.
Characteristics of Included Studies—Prevalence, cohort, and cross-sectional studies.
| Prevalence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country/author | Methods (data collection procedure) | Sample size | Age (years) Range/mean (SD) | Migraine diagnosis | Anxiety criteria | Overall migraine Prevalence 95% N CI | Prevalence of migraine with anxiety %- N/Odds ratio (CI) vs. no headache or healthy participants |
| South America | 75%−192 | ||||||
| Brazil/Mercante et al. (24). South America | The Anxiety Disorders Program of the Institute of Psychiatry | 60 F: 39 M: 21 |
19–70 | ICHD-II | GAD | 66.6%−20 F: 69.5%−16 M: 57.1%−4 |
66.7%−20 F: 69.5%−16 M: 57.1%−4 |
| Brazil/Peres et al. (26). South America | Primary care self-administered questionnaire | 782 | 34.2 (6.3) | Self-reported ICHD-II | GAD-7 (anxiety) | 213 migraine | 83%−177 |
| North America | 52%−2,699 | ||||||
| Canada/Senaratne et al. (22). North America | Outpatient anxiety clinic- computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) | 206 F: 144 M: 62 |
37.8 (12.9) | IHS | GAD | 67%−138 F: 70.8%−102 M: 58.1%−36 |
58.5%−62 No significant effects were seen for gender |
| US/Victor et al. (18). North America | Epidemiological national survey | 30,790 F: 17,394 M: 13,396 |
43.6 | Self-reported medical diagnosis of migraine | Self-reported anxious symptomology [25] | 15.2%−4,680 (14.7, 15.7) F: 20.5%−3,565(19.7, 21.3) M: 9.4%−1,259 (8.8, 10.0) |
2.30 (2.09, 2.52) 43.5%−2,035 F: −93% M: 142% |
| US/Wachholtz et al. (28). North America | The online chronic migraine population | 4,787 F: 4,554 (95.1%) M: 233 (4.9%) |
18–65 | Self-reported medical diagnosis of migraine | Not mentioned | 100% | 56.4%−2,699 |
| Asia | 38%−205 | ||||||
| Turkey/Karakurum et al. (29). Asia | n/c | 87 | CM: 32.1 (10.4) EM: 32.6 (9.7) |
IHS | Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) | 100% | 75.6%−28 |
| Korea/Oh et al. (21). Asia | Primary care-population based surveys | 2,762 F: 1,385 M: 1,377 |
19–69 | ICHD-2 | Goldberg Anxiety Scale [13] | 5.4%−147 F: 8.0%−111 (6.6–9.4) M: 2.6%−36 (1.8–3.5) |
30.1%−45 F: 23.1%−34 M: 30.5%−11 |
| India/Rammohan et al. (14). Asia | Migraine patients of the Neurology Outpatient Department | 133 F: 103(78%) |
34.13 (8.49) | ICHD-3 | The Hospital Anxiety Scale (HADS-A) | 100%−133 | 16.54%−22 No association was found between gender. |
| China/Yong et al. (23) Asia | Headache outpatient clinic | 185 F: 144 (81.8%) M: 32 (18.2%) |
14–63 39.1 (11.6) |
ICHD-2 | HADS | 95%−176 | 38.1%−67 F: 88.0%−59 M: 11.9%−8 |
| Korea/Song et al. (27). Asia | Primary care-population based structured interviews | 2,695 F: 1,350 (50.7) M: 345 (49.3) |
19–69 | ICHD-3 | State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | 5.3%−143 (4.5–6.2) F: 7.9%−107 (6.5–9.4) M: 2.7%−36 (1.8–3.5) |
30.1%−43 |
| Europe | 19%−454 | ||||||
| European union countries/Lampl et al. (25). European | Primary care-population based surveys | 6,624 F: 3,655 M: 2,969 |
42.1 (12.9) | ICHD-2 | HADS | 35.9%−2,375 (34.7–37.1) F: 43.1%−1,575 (41.5–44.7) M: 26.9%−799 (25.3–28.5) |
19.1%−454 (17.5–20.7) F: 140% M: 320% |