Table 1.
General characteristics of the 43 patients with severe COVID-19.
| Variables | Global (n = 43) | Group 1/survivors (n = 28) | Group 2/non-survivors (n = 10) | Group 3/continued admission (n = 5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data and severity parameters | ||||
| Age, years | 65.5 (52-72) | 60.5 (50-70) | 67.5 (62-75) | 67 (54-73) |
| Gender, male | 27 (62.8) | 18 (64.3) | 5 (50) | 4 (80) |
| APACHE II, points | 18 (15-24) | 17 (14-23) | 19 (16-24) | 20 (15-26) |
| SOFA, points | 6 (4-7) | 5.5 (3-6) | 6.5 (5-9) | 5 (4-6) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| COPD | 4 (9.3) | 2 (7.1) | 2 (20.0) | — |
| Chronic heart failure | 2 (4.7) | 2 (7.1) | — | — |
| Chronic renal failure | 2 (4.7) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (10) | — |
| Obesity | 11 (25.6) | 6 (21.4) | 4 (40) | 1 (20) |
| Diabetes | 8 (18.6) | 4 (14.3) | 2 (20) | 2 (40) |
| Autoimmune disease | 3 (7.0) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (20) | — |
| Ischemic heart disease | 4 (9.3) | 2 (7.1) | 2 (20) | — |
| Arterial hypertension | 13 (30.2) | 7 (25) | 5 (50) | 1 (20) |
| Management | ||||
| Antiviral GAP, days | 8 (6-10) | 8 (6-10) | 7 (5-8) | 9 (6.5-12) |
| ATB admission | 5 (11.6) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (10) | 1 (20) |
| L/R | 40 (93.0) | 27 (96.4) | 8 (80) | 5 (100) |
| Duration L/R, days | 5 (4-10) | 6 (4-10) | 7.5 (3-10) | 4 (3.5-7.5) |
| HC | 39 (90.7) | 26 (92.9) | 8 (80) | 5 (100) |
| Duration HC | 5 (5-5) | 5 (5-5) | 5 (5-5) | 5 (5-5) |
| Tocilizumab | 2 (4.7) | 2 (7.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Interferon ß-1b | 15 (34.9) | 9 (32.1) | 5 (50) | 1 (20) |
| Laboratory | ||||
| LDH, U/l | 480 (403-580) | 415 (367-498) | 575 (494-778) | 535 (497-635) |
| CPK, U/l | 71.5 (43-253) | 86 (43-168) | 55.5 (43-120) | ND |
| Leukocytes, ×109/l | 8.2 (6.2-11.3) | 7.1 (5.4-12.0) | 10.1 (7.5-12.1) | 10.1 (7.4-15.9) |
| Lymphocytes, × 109/l | 0.77 (0.50-0.98) | 0.87 (0.55-1.06) | 0.68 (0.37-0.97) | 0.61 (0.25-0.79) |
| Serum creatinine, mg/ml | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 0.6 (0.4-0.8) | 0.8 (0.7-1.5) | 0.8 (0.6-1.6) |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 22 (14-27) | 21.5 (12.5-26.7) | 23 (17-27.2) | 22.3 (14-31) |
| PCT, ng/ml | 0.4 (0.1-0.8) | 0.16 (0.04-0.44) | 0.87 (0.53-1.95) | 0.67 (0.31-1.10) |
| Lactate, mmol/l | 1.7 (1.4-2.0) | 1.5 (1.3-1.7) | 1.8 (1.4-2.1) | 1.6( 1.4-2.3) |
| D-dimer, ng/ml | 599 (465-1.193) | 711 (465-1.440) | 931 (454-1.230) | 468 (278-550) |
| Platelets, ×109/l | 229 (189-303) | 226 (194-309) | 225 (168-289) | 263 (193-436) |
| Complications | ||||
| Shock upon admission | 25 (58.1) | 12 (42.9) | 8 (80)* | 5 (100) |
| Moderate/severe ARDS | 32 (74.4) | 22 (78.9) | 8 (80) | 2 (40) |
| Mild ARDS | 8 (18.6) | 3 (10.7) | 2 (20) | 3 (60) |
| Acute renal failure | 18 (41.9) | 10 (35.7) | 6 (60) | 2 (40) |
| RIFLE I | 6 (14.0) | 4 (14.3) | 1 (10) | 1 (20) |
| RIFLE II | 7 (16.3) | 3 (10.3) | 3 (30) | 1 (20) |
| RIFLE III | 4 (9.3) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (20) | — |
| VAP | 13 (30.2) | 9 (32.1) | 2 (20) | 2 (40) |
APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ATB: antibiotic; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; antiviral GAP: days from symptoms onset to first dose of antiviral drug; HC: hydroxychloroquine; L/R: lopinavir/ritonavir; RIFLE: renal dysfunction scale; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia.
All comparisons taking group 1 as reference.
*
p < 0.05 Data reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) or as number of cases and percentage.