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. 2020 Apr 29;11(1):1131. doi: 10.4081/jphia.2020.1131

Table 3.

Factors associated with anemia among girls and boys aged 6-59 months in Namibia.

Variables Boys Girls
Univariablew Multivariablew Multivariablenw Multivariablewc Univariablew Multivariablew Multivariablenw Multivariablewc
OR[95%CI] OR[95%CI] OR[95%CI] OR[95%CI] OR[95%CI] OR[95%CI] OR[95%CI] OR[95%CI]
Age (in months)
    6-11 (n=224) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    12-23 (n=395) 1.24 [0.73-2.09] 0.92 [0.50-1.67] 0.89 [0.51-1.57] 1.05 [0.64-1.72] 0.96 [0.55-1.68] 0.82 [0.46-1.49] 0.86 [0.50-1.50] 0.91 [0.54-1.52]
    24-35 (n=341) 0.64 [0.38-1.09] 0.58 [0.31-1.08] 0.50 [0.29-0.89] 0.65 [0.40-1.05] 0.53 [0.30-0.91] 0.42 [0.23-0.79] 0.41 [0.23-0.74] 0.45 [0.26-0.75]
    36-47 (n=304) 0.31 [0.17-0.56] 0.25 [0.13-0.48] 0.27 [0.15-0.47] 0.32 [0.19-0.55] 0.45 [0.26-0.79] 0.35 [0.18-0.66] 0.28 [0.15-0.50] 0.35 [0.20-0.62]
    48-59 (n=273) 0.30 [0.16-0.55] 0.26 [0.13-0.52] 0.23 [0.13-0.43] 0.29 [0.17-0.48] 0.23 [0.12-0.43] 0.18 [0.09-0.37] 0.18 [0.09-0.33] 0.26 [0.14-0.46]
Sex
    Boys (n=751) - - - - - - - -
    Girls (n=786) - - - - - - - -
    Place of Residence
    Urban (n=633) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    Rural (n=904) 1.23 [0.87-1.74] 0.72 [0.45-1.15] 0.61 [0.40-0.92] 0.70 [0.47-1.05] 1.02 [0.73-1.44] 0.88 [0.57-1.35] 0.93 [0.63-1.37] 1.05 [0.71-1.58]
Wealth quintile
    Richest (n=180) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    Richer (n=324) 1.88 [1.04-3.40] 1.65 [0.86-3.17] 2.15 [1.17-3.95] 1.21 [0.72-2.04] 1.15 [0.63-2.11] 1.06 [0.48-2.34] 1.22 [0.64-2.33] 1.06 [0.57-1.96]
    Middle (n=331) 2.02 [1.14-3.58] 1.86 [0.91-3.79] 2.44 [1.28-4.66] 1.51 [0.82-2.79] 1.49 [0.79-2.79] 1.49 [0.66-3.36] 1.71 [0.85-3.45] 1.28 [0.68-2.39]
    Poor (n=328) 2.94 [1.57-5.49] 3.20 [1.46-7.05] 3.92 [1.95-7.89] 1.88 [0.99-3.57] 1.41 [0.77-2.55] 1.60 [0.68-3.76] 1.95 [0.96-3.93] 1.36 [0.70-2.64]
    Poorest (n=374) 2.42 [1.33-4.38] 2.56 [1.15-5.73] 3.55 [1.70-7.40] 1.84 [0.97-3.52] 1.10 [0.62-1.94] 1.14 [0.46-2.80] 1.30 [0.61-2.77] 1.19 [0.59-2.40]
Mother education
    Secondary (n=964) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    Higher (n=60) 0.32 [0.14-0.76] 0.56 [0.24-1.34] 0.84 [0.36-1.96] - 1.06 [0.47-2.41] 1.24 [0.50-3.11] 1.26 [0.51-3.13] -
    Primary (n=385) 1.05 [0.71-1.56] 0.94 [0.61-1.45] 1.14 [0.76-1.71] - 1.12 [0.76-1.67] 1.18 [0.76-1.85] 1.24 [0.84-1.83] -
    No education (n=128) 1.27 [0.68-2.37] 1.30 [0.61-2.79] 1.55 [0.78-3.07] - 0.58 [0.31-1.07] 0.75 [0.41-1.40] 0.95 [0.52-1.73] -
Vitamin A
    Yes (n=1319) 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 -
    No (n=183) n/a n/a 1.10 [0.66-1.81] - 1.28 [0.75-2.18] 1.32 [0.69-2.52] 1.38 [0.82-2.33] -
    Deworming
    Yes (n=672) 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 -
    No (n=792) 0.87 [0.62-1.23] 0.79 [0.54-1.16] 0.96 [0.69-1.35] - 0.92 [0.63-1.32] 0.78 [0.51-1.19] 0.77 [0.56-1.08] -
Stunting
    No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    Yes 1.32 [0.89-1.95] 1.08 [0.68-1.72] 1.06 [0.69-1.63] 1.14 [0.80-1.64] 1.01 [0.69-1.47] 1.09 [0.66-1.82] 1.33 [0.86-2.07] 1.16 [0.81-1.67]
Underweight
    No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    Yes 1.17 [0.71-1.94] 0.87 [0.47-1.64] 0.79 [0.45-1.36] 1.05 [0.64-1.70] 0.83 [0.51-1.33] 1.01 [0.53-1.93] 0.86 [0.49-1.50] 0.97 [0.59-1.57]
Wasting
    No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    Yes 1.66 [0.97-2.82] 1.04 [0.56-1.92] 1.23 [0.68-2.29] 1.28 [0.76-2.15] 1.08 [0.54-2.15] 0.74 [0.33-1.60] 0.76 [0.35-1.64] 0.85 [0.43-1.66]

wSample weights from the Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013 applied to analyses (n=1383). nwSample weights not applied for analyses (n=1383). wcSample weights were applied with complimentary analyses that included all children who had been evaluated for anemia. Mother’s education, use of Vitamin A medication and use of deworming medication were excluded from analyses (n=2208). n/a Analysis not applicable due to missing standard errors because of stratum with single sampling unit. Statistical significances (P<0.05) are noted in italics.