TABLE 3.
Physiological and performance characteristics during the study period (n = 29).
| Variable | PRE | POST1 | POST2a | |||
| BW (kg) | 69.4 ± 9.3 | (13.4) | 69.0 ± 8.6 | (12.5) | 69.6 ± 8.3 | (11.9) |
| TTDP | ||||||
| seconds | 875.1 ± 92.8 | (10.6) | 866.9 ± 91.4 | (10.5) | 845.9 ± 88.2 | (10.4) |
| RUN-VO2max | ||||||
| mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1 | 62.9 ± 8.0 | (12.7) | 64.7 ± 7.7 | (11.9) | 64.1 ± 8.8 | (13.7) |
| L⋅min–1 | 4.38 ± 0.87 | (19.9) | 4.48 ± 0.85 | (19.0) | 4.47 ± 0.86 | (19.2) |
| mL⋅kg–0.67⋅min–1 | 254.6 ± 36.1 | (14.2) | 261.4 ± 35.4 | (13.5) | 259.7 ± 38.8 | (14.9) |
| HR | 196.6 ± 10.6 | (5.3) | 195.5 ± 10.6 | (5.4) | 193.6 ± 10.9 | (5.6) |
| RER | 1.12 ± 0.03 | (2.7) | 1.11 ± 0.05 | (4.5) | 1.14 ± 0.04* | (3.5) |
| [La–b] | 10.1 ± 2.3 | (22.8) | 11.3 ± 2.6 | (23.0) | 10.0 ± 2.1 | (21.0) |
| RPE | 17.2 ± 1.7 | (9.9) | 17.9 ± 1.2 | (6.7) | 17.6 ± 1.4 | (7.9) |
| DP-VO2peak | ||||||
| mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1 | 54.3 ± 7.3 | (13.4) | 54.6 ± 7.2 | (13.2) | 55.5 ± 7.3 | (13.2) |
| L⋅min–1 | 3.79 ± 0.79 | (20.8) | 3.80 ± 0.73 | (19.2) | 3.89 ± 0.74 | (19.0) |
| mL⋅kg–0.67⋅min–1 | 220.0 ± 33.0 | (15.0) | 221.0 ± 31.7 | (14.3) | 225.2 ± 32.3 | (14.3) |
| %RUN-VO2max | 86.5 ± 7.3 | (8.4) | 84.4 ± 5.8 | (6.9) | 86.9 ± 5.7 | (6.6) |
| HR | 190.8 ± 9.8 | (5.1) | 190.9 ± 9.9 | (5.2) | 190.8 ± 9.9 | (5.2) |
| RER | 1.10 ± 0.06 | (5.4) | 1.11 ± 0.05 | (4.5) | 1.13 ± 0.05 | (4.4) |
| [La–b] | 9.2 ± 2.0 | (21.8) | 9.0 ± 1.9 | (21.1) | 9.0 ± 1.7 | (18.9) |
| RPE | 17.5 ± 1.2 | (6.9) | 17.6 ± 1.1 | (6.3) | 17.5 ± 1.4 | (8.0) |
| TTE (s) | 494.3 ± 125.4 | (25.4) | 524.0 ± 127.9 | (24.4) | 542.9 ± 124.0 | (22.8) |
| CDP at LT | ||||||
| mL⋅kg–1⋅m–1 | 0.198 ± 0.021 | (10.6) | 0.193 ± 0.019 | (9.8) | 0.193 ± 0.020 | (10.4) |
| mL⋅kg–0.67⋅m–1 | 0.800 ± 0.078 | (9.8) | 0.779 ± 0.070 | (9.0) | 0.780 ± 0.066 | (8.5) |
| MAS | ||||||
| m⋅min–1 | 278.1 ± 52.6 | (18.9) | 285.4 ± 45.1 | (15.8) | 290.3 ± 44.2 | (15.2) |
| km⋅h–1 | 16.7 ± 3.2 | (19.2) | 17.1 ± 2.7 | (15.8) | 17.4 ± 2.7 | (15.5) |
| LT | ||||||
| %DP-VO2peak | 82.3 ± 6.5 | (7.9) | 82.4 ± 6.3 | (7.6) | 81.6 ± 5.6 | (6.9) |
| HR | 175.4 ± 11.5 | (6.6) | 173.2 ± 11.9 | (6.9) | 172.3 ± 11.9 | (6.9) |
| VO2 | 44.6 ± 6.6 | (14.8) | 44.9 ± 6.4 | (14.3) | 45.3 ± 6.8 | (3.9) |
| [La–b] | 4.6 ± 0.6 | (13.0) | 4.7 ± 0.7 | (14.9) | 4.5 ± 0.6 | (13.3) |
| Speed (km⋅h–1) | 13.7 ± 2.5 | (18.7) | 14.1 ± 2.2 | (15.6) | 14.2 ± 2.1 | (14.8) |
| Strength | ||||||
| 1RM half squat (kg) | 120.8 ± 21.9 | (18.1) | 129.7 ± 24.2 | (18.7) | 131.1 ± 23.3 | (17.8) |
| 1RM pull-down (kg) | 87.4 ± 16.5 | (18.9) | 87.9 ± 15.6 | (17.7) | 89.8 ± 16.2 | (18.0) |
| Maximal power | ||||||
| Half squat (w) | 808.6 ± 207.6 | (25.7) | 816.6 ± 177.4 | (21.7) | 831.8 ± 180.7 | (21.7) |
| Pull-down (w) | 473.9 ± 152.8 | (32.2) | 469.7 ± 119.1 | (25.4) | 490.3 ± 124.0 | (25.3) |
| SJ (cm) | 28.0 ± 5.1 | (18.2) | 26.8 ± 4.7 | (17.5) | 27.2 ± 4.8 | (17.6) |
| CMJ (cm) | 31.5 ± 5.5 | (17.5) | 31.6 ± 4.2 | (13.3) | 30.7 ± 5.0 | (16.3) |
| CMJas (cm) | 35.9 ± 5.5 | (15.3) | 35.0 ± 4.9 | (14.0) | 33.6 ± 5.2 | (15.5) |
Values are mean and SD with coefficient of variance in percentage in parenthesis. ano effect size for delta physiological variables from PRE to POST2 over 0.5. BW, body-weight. Kg, kilograms. TTDP, double poling time trial. RUN-VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake in running. mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1, milliliters per kilogram bodyweight per minute. L⋅min–1, liters per minute. mL⋅kg–0.67⋅min–1, milliliters per kilogram raised to the power of −0.67 per minute. HR, heart rate. RER, respiratory exchange ratio. [La–b], blood lactate concentration. RPE, rate of perceived exertion. %RUN-VO2max, fractional utilization of RUN-VO2max at DP-VO2peak. TTE, time to exhaustion. CDP, oxygen cost of double poling at lactate threshold. mL⋅kg–1⋅m–1, milliliters per kilogram per meter. mL⋅kg–0.67⋅m–1, milliliters per kilogram raised to the power of −0.67 per meter. MAS, maximal aerobic speed. LT, lactate threshold. VO2, oxygen uptake. Km, kilometers. H, hours. 1RM, one repetition maximum. W, watt. SJ, squat jump. CMJ, counter movement jump. CMJas, counter movement jump with armswing. Cm, centimeters. * p < 0.05 significantly different from POST1 value.