TABLE 2.
Regression analyses predicting post-traumatic, anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms in parents and children (rated by their parents).
| IES-R_Cov | HADS_Cov anxiety | HADS_Cov depression | CBCL_Cov anxiety | CBCL_Cov withdrawn/depressed | CBCL_Cov somatic complaints | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Variable | B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | Variable | B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t |
| Model: R2 = 0.18, F(10,710) = 15.43, p < 0.001 | Model: R2 = 0.17, F(10,710) = 14.43, p < 0.001 | Model: R2 = 0.17, F(10,710) = 14.71, p < 0.001 | Model: R2 = 0.23, F(10,710) = 21.22, p < 0.001 | Model: R2 = 0.16, F(10,710) = 13.17, p < 0.001 | Model: R2 = 0.16, F(10,710) = 13.45, p < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Sequence | 1.13 | 1.16 | 0.034 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.03 | Sequence | 1.01 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 3.63** | –0.07 | 0.21 | –0.01 | –0.34 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 1.11 |
| Sex_Parent | –10.32 | 1.60 | –0.23 | −6.46** | –2.13 | 0.38 | –0.20 | −5.63** | –1.90 | 0.38 | –0.18 | −5.07** | Sex_Parent | –0.07 | 0.39 | –0.01 | –0.18 | –0.11 | 0.30 | –0.01 | –0.38 | –0.50 | 0.21 | –0.09 | −2.37+ |
| Age_Parent | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.91 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 2.61* | Age_parent | –0.03 | 0.03 | –0.05 | –1.30 | –0.07 | 0.02 | –0.13 | −3.48** | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.62 |
| Work | –1.67 | 1.10 | –0.05 | –1.52 | –0.50 | 0.26 | –0.07 | –1.93 | –0.86 | 0.26 | –0.12 | −3.33** | Fear | –0.35 | 0.37 | –0.03 | –0.94 | –0.76 | 0.28 | –0.10 | −2.72* | –0.57 | 0.20 | –0.10 | −2.90* |
| Sport | –0.58 | 1.21 | –0.02 | –0.48 | –0.62 | 0.29 | –0.08 | −2.15+ | –0.96 | 0.29 | –0.12 | −3.36** | BBA_1 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 1.33 | –0.02 | 0.23 | –0.01 | –0.07 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 1.25 |
| Fear | 11.19 | 1.49 | 0.26 | 7.51** | 2.19 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 6.19** | 1.19 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 3.41** | BBA_2 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.01 | –0.20 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 1.80 |
| BBA_1 | –3.47 | 1.23 | –0.11 | −2.81* | –0.91 | 0.29 | –0.12 | −3.12* | –1.34 | 0.29 | –0.18 | −4.65** | Sex_Child | –0.03 | 0.26 | –0.01 | –0.14 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.99 | –0.35 | 0.14 | –0.09 | −2.51+ |
| BBA_2 | –3.94 | 1.27 | –0.12 | −3.09* | –0.98 | 0.30 | –0.13 | −3.23** | –0.99 | 0.30 | –0.13 | −3.30** | Age_Child | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 5.48** | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.70 |
| Sex_Child | –1.27 | 1.07 | –0.04 | –1.18 | –0.05 | 0.25 | –0.01 | –0.22 | –0.16 | 0.25 | –0.02 | –0.62 | Friends_Child | –0.95 | 0.28 | –0.11 | −3.33** | –0.67 | 0.21 | –0.11 | −3.14* | –0.10 | 0.15 | –0.02 | –0.66 |
| Age_Child | –0.37 | 0.23 | –0.06 | –1.60 | –0.16 | 0.05 | –0.11 | −2.96* | –0.17 | 0.05 | –0.12 | −3.12* | HADS_Cov_tot | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 12.66** | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 9.10** | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 10.03** |
+p < 0.05, * p < 0.01, ** p ≤ 0.001. IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist. Cov, completion of questionnaires with reference to the Covid-19 health emergency. Sequence indicates the order with which HADS and CBCL questionnaire were compiled by parents [PreCov_Cov = Sequence (‘0’) and Cov_PreCov = Sequence (‘1’)]. BBA_1 and BBA_2 refer to a “broadening of biased attention” on the pandemic crisis expressed in terms of participants’ thinking about possible its secondary positive effects for one’s life (BBA_1) and for the environment (BBA_2). BBA_1 was dichotomized with ‘Never/sometime’ as ‘0’ and ‘often/very often’ as ‘1’; BBA_2 was dichotomized with ‘Never/sometime’ as ‘0’ and ‘often/very often’ as ‘1’. The other dichotomous variables were entered as follow: Sex_Parent and Sex_Child were dichotomized with ‘Male’ as ‘1’ and ‘Female’ as ‘0’; Sport was dichotomized with ‘0–1 h/day’ as ‘0’ and ‘>1 h/day’ as ‘1’; Work was dichotomized with ‘None/suspended’ as ‘0’ and ‘remote/on site’ as ‘1’; Fear was dichotomized with ‘none/little’ as ‘0’ and ‘much/very much’ as ‘1’; Friends_Child was dichotomized with ‘0–2’ as ‘0’ and ‘≥3’ as ‘1.’