Table 1.
Effects of MFs on immune cells.
| Immune cells | MFs | Effects | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Innate Immune Cells | Monocytes | 6mT SMF | Mitochondria localized near nucleus; intracellular Ca2+ ↑ (16); |
| Macrophages | LF-MF (50 Hz, 7 mT; 60Hz, 0.8mT; 50Hz, 1.0mT; 75Hz, 1mT) |
IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, ROS↑ (in rats, RAW264.7 MΦ, bone marrow (BM) derived-MΦ) (9, 17–19), |
|
| Constant MF (60 μT) + alternating MF (100 nT) | TNF-α, IFN-γ ↑ in mice (20) | ||
| Space MF (around 0.5μT) | Iron in RAW264.7 MΦ↑ ROS↑ (21) | ||
| Superparamagnetic scaffold in SMF | MΦ in superparamagnetic scaffolds → M2 Φ (IL-4, IL-10) (22) |
||
| 0.6T SMF | M2 polarization, wound closure, re-epithelialization, revascularization ↑ in diabetic mice (10); | ||
| HGMF (108-109 m−1) | M2 polarization (anti-inflammatory effects); cytoskeletal rearrangements (11, 23),; |
||
| DCs | Superparamagnetic iron oxide + MF | BM-DC maturation↑; MHC II, CD80 and CD86 expression↑ (24) |
|
| Granulocytes | electromagnetic radiation (4 - 4.34 GHz, 16 min, human blood samples) | Number of viable neutrophils ↓ levels of IL1β and TNFα↑ (25) |
|
| Gradient SMF (max: 60 mT, exposure time 15, 30, 45 min, human blood samples) | ROS metabolic oscillations affected, depending on the exposure time and orientations of MF (26) | ||
| MDSCs | magnetic nanoparticles | Repolarization from immunosuppressive phenotype to a pro-inflammatory phenotype for glioma treatment (27) | |
| NK cells | 0.4T SMF | Improve the killing activity of the NK cells (28) | |
| Adaptive Immune Cells | T-cells | SMF+ power frequency MF | 23.4μT SMF no influence on Ca2+; 16Hz/42.1μT power frequency MF + 23.4μT SMF → Ca2+↓ (29) |
| low-frequency AMF (21-kHz, 3.8mT) |
No influence on T cells in rats (1 h/day, 14 days) (30) | ||
| EMF (50 Hz, 100 μT, 60 days in rats) (with human serum albumin stimulation) | Splenic and thymic T-bet and GATA-3↑ Serum IFN-γ, IL-4 ↑ (31) |
||
| Constant MF (60 μT) + alternating MF (100 nT) | TNF-α, IFN-γ ↑ in mice (20) | ||
| MF + Iron-dextran nanoparticles | TCR clustering, T-cell activity, tumor killing ability ↑ (32) | ||
| B-cells | Radiofrequency EMF (900 MHz, 2 h/day, 4 wks) |
No differences on B-cells differentiation and antibody production in mice (33) | |
SMF, static magnetic field; AMF, alternating magnetic fields; EMF, electromagnetic field; MDSCs, Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells; NK cells, natural killer cells.