Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of severity.
| Variables |
All patients N = 213 |
Disease severity |
p
|
Presence in ICU/death |
p
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epidemiological characteristics | Mild/moderate n = 175 |
Sever/critical n = 38 |
Yes n = 20 |
No n = 193 |
|||
| Ages, years | 44 (34–58) | 41 (32–55) | 53 (43.8–64.0) | 0.003 | 57.5 (45.5–64.0) | 41 (33.5–56.5) | 0.007 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 102/213 (47.8%) | 80/175 (45.7%) | 22/38 (57.9%) | 0.173 | 12/20 (60.0%) | 90/193 (46.6%) | 0.255 |
| Female | 111/213 (52.1%) | 95/175 (54.3%) | 16/38 (42.1%) | 0.173 | 8/20 (40.0%) | 93/193 (48.2%) | 0.485 |
| BMI | |||||||
| <18.5 | 7/134 (5.2%) | 7/118 (6.0%) | 0/16 (0.0%) | 0.688 | 0/7 (0.0%) | 7/127 (5.5%) | 1.000 |
| >24 | 57/134 (42.5%) | 47/118 (39.8%) | 10/17 (62.5%) | 0.138 | 6/8 (75.0%) | 51/127 (40.2%) | 0.117 |
| Median incubation period | 7 (3.5–11.0) | 7 (4–11) | 7 (3.5–14.25) | 0.685 | 7 (4–13) | 7 (3–11) | 0.690 |
| Smoking | 11/172 (6.4%) | 9/149 (6.0%) | 2/23 (8.7%) | 0.979 | 2/20 (10.0%) | 9/152 (5.9%) | 0.830 |
| Exposure Huanan Seafood Market | 1/140 (0.7%) | 0/175 (0.0%) | 1/38 (2.6%) | 0.178 | 1/20 (5.0%) | 0/193 (0.0%) | 0.094 |
| Visited Wuhan | 49/140 (35%) | 39/119 (32.8%) | 10/21 (47.6%) | 0.188 | 4/9 (44.4%) | 45/131 (34.4%) | 0.800 |
| Travelling history | 14/115 (12.2%) | 12/95 (12.6%) | 2/20 (10.0%) | 1.000 | 1/9 (11.1%) | 13/131 (9.9%) | 1.000 |
| Cluster exposure history | 137/189 (72.5%) | 108/151 (71.5%) | 29/29 (100.0%) | 0.001 | 9/14 (64.3%) | 128/175 (73.1%) | 0.687 |
| Imported cases | 79/191 (41.4%) | 78/160 (48.8%) | 11/31 (33.3%) | 0.175 | 6/16 (37.5%) | 73/175 (41.7%) | 0.743 |
| Comorbidities | 59/213 (27.7%) | 40/175 (22.9%) | 19/38 (50.0%) | 0.001 | 10/20 (50.0%) | 49/193 (25.4%) | 0.019 |
| Cardiac disease | 9/213 (4.2%) | 5/175 (2.9%) | 4/38 (10.5%) | 0.092 | 3/20 (15.0%) | 6/193 (3.1%) | 0.053 |
| Hypertension | 30/213 (14.0%) | 20/175 (11.4%) | 10/38 (26.3%) | 0.017 | 4/20 (20.0%) | 26/193 (13.5%) | 0.645 |
| Diabetes | 14/213 (6.6%) | 11/175 (6.3%) | 3/38 (7.9%) | 0.999 | 1/20 (5.0%) | 13/193 (6.7%) | 1.000 |
| COPD | 4/213 (1.9%) | 2/175 (1.1%) | 2/38 (5.3%) | 0.147* | 2/20 (10.0%) | 2/193 (1.0%) | 0.045* |
| Chronic liver disease | 7/213 (3.3%) | 5/175 (2.9%) | 2/38 (5.3%) | 0.801 | 2/20 (10.0%) | 5/193 (2.6%) | 0.267 |
| Cancer | 4/213 (1.9%) | 4/175 (2.3%) | 0/38 (0.0%) | 1.000* | 0/20 (0.0%) | 4/193 (2.1%) | 1.000* |
| Cerebrovascular | 7/213 (3.3%) | 3/175 (1.7%) | 4/38 (10.5%) | 0.024 | 1/20 (5.0%) | 6/193 (3.1%) | 0.504 |
| Immunodeficiency disease | 2/213 (0.9%) | 2/175 (1.1%) | 0/38 (0.0%) | 1.000* | 0/20 (0.0%) | 2/193 (1.0%) | 1.000* |
| Symptoms and complications | All patients N = 213 |
Disease severity |
p
|
Presence of ICU/death |
p
|
||
| Mild/moderate n = 175 |
Severe/critical n = 38 |
Yes n = 20 |
No n = 193 |
||||
| Fever | |||||||
| 37.5–38.0°C | 50/208 (24.0%) | 39/174 (22.4%) | 11/34 (32.4%) | 0.215 | 7/16 (43.8%) | 43/192 (22.4%) | 0.106 |
| 38.1–39.0°C | 65/208 (31.3%) | 52/174 (29.9%) | 13/34 (38.2%) | 0.337 | 4/16 (25.0%) | 59/192 (30.7%) | 0.845 |
| >39.0°C | 11/208 (5.3%) | 7/174 (4.0%) | 4/34 (11.8%) | 0.154 | 2/16 (12.5%) | 9/192 (4.7%) | 0.447 |
| Chill | 20/210 (9.5%) | 14/175 (8.0%) | 6/35 (17.1%) | 0.172 | 4/17 (23.5%) | 16/193 (8.3%) | 0.105 |
| Coughing | 155/213 (72.8%) | 126/175 (72.0%) | 29/38 (76.3%) | 0.588 | 13/20 (65.0%) | 142/193 (73.6%) | 0.412 |
| Expectoration | 78/213 (36.7%) | 63/175 (36.0%) | 15/38 (39.5%) | 0.687 | 10/20 (50.0%) | 68/193 (35.2%) | 0.192 |
| Dyspnea | 42/213 (19.7%) | 21/175 (12.0%) | 21/38 (55.3%) | <0.001 | 11/20 (55.0%) | 31/193 (16.1%) | 0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 28/209 (13.4%) | 25/175 (14.3%) | 3/34 (8.9%) | 0.562 | 1/16 (6.3%) | 27/193 (14.0%) | 0.623 |
| Nausea | 17/209 (8.1%) | 14/180 (7.8%) | 3/34 (8.8%) | 1.000 | 1/16 (6.3%) | 16/193 (8.3%) | 1.000 |
| Vomit | 10/209 (4.8%) | 8/175 (4.6%) | 2/34 (5.9%) | 1.000 | 0/16 (0.0%) | 10/193 (5.2%) | 0.364 |
| Poor appetite | 23/209 (11.0%) | 15/175 (8.6%) | 8/34 (23.5%) | 0.024 | 5/16 (31.3%) | 17/193 (8.8%) | 0.017 |
| Sore throat | 20/209 (9.6%) | 18/175 (10.3%) | 2/34 (5.9%) | 0.631 | 0/16 (0.0%) | 20/193 (10.4%) | 0.362 |
| Dizziness | 12/209 (5.7%) | 8/175 (4.6%) | 4/34 (11.8%) | 0.212 | 1/16 (6.3%) | 11/193 (5.7%) | 1.000 |
| Headache | 20/209 (9.6%) | 15/175 (8.6%) | 5/34 (14.7%) | 0.427 | 3/16 (18.8%) | 17/195 (8.7%) | 0.392 |
| Muscular soreness | 15/209 (7.2%) | 11/175 (6.3%) | 4/34 (11.8%) | 0.442 | 2/14 (14.3%) | 13/195 (6.7%) | 0.596 |
| Fatigue | 76/209 (36.4%) | 56/175 (32.0%) | 20/34 (58.8%) | 0.003 | 8/16 (50.0%) | 68/191 (35.6%) | 0.238 |
| Dry/moist rale | 13/170 (7.6%) | 8/143 (5.6%) | 5/27 (18.5%) | 0.054 | 2/12 (16.7%) | 11/158 (6.9%) | 0.230 |
| Complications | |||||||
| ARDS | 11/195 (5.6%) | 0/168 (0.0%) | 11/27 (40.7%) | <0.001 | 10/15 (66.7%) | 1/180 (0.6%) | <0.001 |
| Shock | 3/195 (1.5%) | 0/168 (0.0%) | 3/27 (11.1%) | <0.001 | 3/15 (20.0%) | 0/180 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 7/193 (3.6%) | 4/168 (2.4%) | 3/27 (11.1%) | 0.091 | 3/15 (20.0%) | 4/178 (2.2%) | 0.005 |
| Acute liver injury | 18/164 (10.9%) | 10/148 (6.8%) | 8/16 (50.0%) | <0.001 | 7/15 (46.7%) | 11/149 (7.4%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac injury | 2/164 (1.2%) | 0/148 (0.0%) | 2/16 (12.5%) | 0.009 | 2/15 (13.3%) | 0/149 (0.0%) | 0.008 |
| DIC | 2/164 (1.2%) | 0/168 (0.0%) | 2/16 (12.5%) | 0.009 | 2/15 (13.3%) | 0/149 (0.0%) | 0.008 |
| MODS | 5/195 (2.6%) | 0/168 (0.0%) | 5/27 (18.5%) | <0.001 | 5/15 (33.3%) | 0/149 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory and CT findings | All patients N = 213 |
Disease severity |
p
|
Presence in ICU/death |
p
|
||
| Mild/moderate n = 175 |
Severe/critical n = 38 |
Yes n = 20 |
No n = 193 |
||||
| White cell | 4.75 (3.44–6.00) | 4.94 (3.34–7.06) | 4.70 (3.44–5.90) | 0.347 | 4.75 (3.44–5.88) | 5.27 (2.93–7.59) | 0.470 |
| <4 × 109/L | 75/213 (35%) | 63/175 (36.0%) | 12/38 (31.6%) | 0.605 | 7/20 (35.0%) | 68/193 (35.2%) | 0.983 |
| >10 × 109/L | 9/213 (4.22%) | 3/175 (1.7%) | 6/38 (15.8%) | 0.001 | 3/20 (15.0%) | 6/193 (3.1%) | 0.041* |
| Neutrophil | 2.91 (2.20–3.68) | 2.86 (2.13–3.57) | 3.44 (2.33–4.44) | 0.027 | 3.49 (1.99–5.59) | 2.89 (2.22–3.60) | 0.112 |
| <2 × 109/L | 43/213 (20.2%) | 37/175 (21.1%) | 6/38 (15.8%) | 0.456 | 5/20 (25.0%) | 38/193 (19.7%) | 0.787 |
| >7 × 109/L | 7/213 (3.3%) | 4/175 (2.3%) | 3/38 (7.9%) | 0.209 | 2/20 (10.0%) | 5/193 (2.6%) | 0.267 |
| Lymphocyte | 1.20 (0.8–1.67) | 1.31 (0.91–1.75) | 0.79 (0.62–1.11) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.61–0.91) | 1.21 (0.87–1.70) | <0.001 |
| <0.8 × 109/L | 52/213 (24.4%) | 33/175 (18.9%) | 19/38 (50.0%) | <0.001 | 12/20 (60.0%) | 40/193 (20.7%) | <0.001 |
| >4 × 109/L | 3/213 (1.4%) | 3/175 (1.7%) | 0/38 (0.0%) | 1.000 | 0/20 (0.0%) | 3/193 (1.6%) | 1.000 |
| Hemoglobin | 130 (119–141) | 130 (120–141) | 129 (115–136) | 0.339 | 128 (114–140) | 130 (120–141) | 0.54 |
| <110 g/L | 18/209 (8.6%) | 15/175 (8.6%) | 3/34 (8.8%) | 1.000 | 2/16 (12.5%) | 16/177 (9.0%) | 0.910 |
| Blood platelet <100 × 109/L | 178 (139–229) | 182 (139–232) | 163 (137–205) | 0.301 | 153 (126–183) | 182 (139–231) | 0.125 |
| <100 × 109/L | 12/209 (5.7%) | 9/175 (5.1%) | 3/34 (8.8%) | 0.659 | 2/16 (12.5%) | 10/193 (5.2%) | 0.516 |
| PT | 11.6 (11–12.4) | 11.5 (10.9–12.2) | 12.2 (11.0–12.8) | 0.029 | 12.3 (10.9–12.8) | 11.6 (11.1–12.3) | 0.393 |
| >16 s | 2/213 (0.9%) | 1/175 (0.6%) | 1/38 (2.6%) | 0.326 | 1/20 (5.0%) | 1/193 (0.5%) | 0.179 |
| APTT | 32.4 (29.9–35.0) | 32.4 (30.2–35.0) | 31.9 (28.7–35.1) | 0.443 | 29.6 (26.2–34.8) | 32.4 (30.3–35.1) | 0.068 |
| <22 s | 2/213 (0.9%) | 2/175 (1.1%) | 1/38 (2.6%) | 0.397 | 1/20 (5.0%) | 2/193 (1.0%) | 0.257 |
| >53 s | 5/213 (2.3%) | 0/175 (0.0%) | 1/38 (2.6%) | 0.178 | 1/20 (5.0%) | 0/193 (0.0%) | 0.094 |
| CK | 64.3 (42.7–100.0) | 63.7 (42.1–90.4) | 83.3 (45.7–169.1) | 0.053 | 120.9 (47–386) | 63.9 (42.1–91.9) | 0.063 |
| >200 U/L | 19/187 (10.1%) | 9/174 (5.2%) | 10/32 (31.3%) | 0.009 | 4/15 (26.7%) | 15/191 (7.9%) | 0.050 |
| CK-MB | 9.2 (6.1–12.2) | 8.8 (5.9–11.9) | 10.8 (7.8–14.9) | 0.074 | 11.2 (7.9–26.8) | 9.1 (5.9–12.1) | 0.111 |
| >23 U/L | 15/206 (7.3%) | 9/173 (5.2%) | 6/33 (18.2%) | 0.024 | 3/15 (20.0%) | 12/191 (6.3%) | 0.146 |
| D-dimer | 0.27 (0.13–0.58) | 0.22 (0.12–0.53) | 0.53 (0.26–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.26 (0.27–5.18) | 0.26 (0.12–0.53) | <0.001 |
| >0.5 mg/L | 55/176 (31.3%) | 39/144 (27.1%) | 16/32 (50.0%) | 0.011 | 13/17 (76.5%) | 42/159 (26.4%) | <0.001 |
| Albumin | 38.2 (35.3–40.9) | 38.8 (36.4–41.9) | 32.9 (29.1–36.0) | <0.001 | 30.7 (28.0–35.6) | 38.5 (35.7–41.5) | <0.001 |
| ALT | 20.1 (14.2–30.0) | 19.7 (14.0–28.1) | 29.3 (19.7–25.6) | <0.001 | 41.0 (19.2–77.2) | 19.7 (14.0–28.3) | 0.001 |
| >40 U/L | 33/213 (15.5%) | 21/175 (12.0%) | 12/38 (31.6%) | 0.002 | 9/20 (45.0%) | 24/193 (12.4%) | <0.001 |
| AST | 23.7 (19.2–31.3) | 22.9 (18.2–25.8) | 30.5 (23.9–43.7) | <0.001 | 33.4 (24.2–64.1) | 23.3 (19.0–29.5) | 0.001 |
| >40 U/L | 27/213 (12.7%) | 17/175 (9.7%) | 10/38 (26.3%) | 0.012 | 8/20 (40.0%) | 19/193 (9.8%) | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin | 10.8 (7.9–15.3) | 10.8 (7.9–15.3) | 11.6 (7.8–15.0) | 0.568 | 11.6 (7.8–15.9) | 10.8 (7.9–15.3) | 0.498 |
| >17.1 µmol/L | 44/213 (20.7%) | 35/175 (20.0%) | 9/38 (23.7%) | 0.611 | 4/20 (20.0%) | 40/193 (20.7%) | 1.000 |
| Creatinine | 51.1 (40.3–64.5) | 51.4 (40.8–66.6) | 48.1 (39.3–57.1) | 0.139 | 48.4 (38.9–66.9) | 51.3 (40.4–64.5) | 0.714 |
| >133 µmol/L | 5/212 (2.4%) | 3/175 (1.7%) | 2/27 (7.4%) | 0.133 | 2/19 (10.5%) | 3/191 (1.6%) | 0.066 |
| LDH | 163 (138–209) | 154 (132–205) | 197 (162–314) | <0.001 | 270 (184–362) | 158 (134–203) | <0.001 |
| >250 U/L | 27/212 (12.7%) | 14/175 (8.0%) | 13/37 (35.1%) | <0.001 | 10/20 (50.0%) | 17/192 (8.8%) | <0.001 |
| CRP | 12.7 (3.5–27.3) | 11.6 (3.0–24.5) | 26.1 (11.0–49.9) | <0.001 | 44.0 (10.2–71.5) | 12.3 (3.3–25.2) | 0.003 |
| >10 mg/L | 111/198 (56.1%) | 86/166 (51.8%) | 25/32 (78.1%) | 0.006 | 12/15 (80.0%) | 99/173 (57.2%) | 0.052 |
| Procalcitonin >0.5 ug/L | 5/210 (2.4%) | 3/174 (1.7%) | 2/36 (5.6%) | 0.204 | 2/17 (11.8%) | 3/188 (1.6%) | 0.066 |
| CT imaging | |||||||
| Single lung | 37/182 (20.3%) | 34/146 (23.3%) | 3/36 (7.7%) | 0.046 | 1/20 (5.0%) | 36/162 (22.2%) | 0.131 |
| Bilateral lung | 145/182 (79.7%) | 112/146 (76.7%) | 33/36 (91.7%) | 19/20 (95.0%) | 126/162 (77.3%) | ||
| Normal | 9/179 (5.0%) | 9/147 (6.1%) | 0/32 (0.0%) | 0.322 | 0/19 (0.0%) | 9/160 (5.6%) | 0.600* |
| Ground glass opacities | 161/172 (93.6%) | 139/146 (95.2%) | 22/24 (91.7%) | 0.426 | 10/13 (76.9%) | 151/159 (95.0%) | 0.172 |
| Consolidative/mixed opacities | 11/172 (6.4%) | 8/148 (5.4%) | 3/24 (12.5%) | 2/13 (15.4%) | 9/159 (5.7%) | ||
| Two left lobe | 62/159 (39.0%) | 48/136 (35.3%) | 14/23 (60.9%) | 0.066 | 6/11 (27.3%) | 56/148 (37.8%) | 0.538 |
| Three right lobe | 54/159 (34.0%) | 41/136 (30.1%) | 13/23 (56.5%) | 0.058 | 6/11 (27.3%) | 48/148 (32.4%) | 0.557 |
| Treatment | |||||||
| Antiviral therapy | 171/172 (99.4%) | 139/140 (96.3%) | 32/32 (100.0%) | 1.000* | 15/15 (100.0%) | 156/157 (96.7%) | 1.000* |
| Antibiotic therapy | 78/171 (45.6%) | 51/135 (37.8%) | 27/36 (75.0%) | <0.001 | 16/19 (84.2%) | 62/152 (40.8%) | <0.001 |
| Antifungal drug | 1/171 (0.6%) | 0/135 (0.0%) | 1/36 (2.8%) | 0.211* | 1/19 (5.3%) | 0/152 (0.0%) | 0.111* |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 2/213 (0.9%) | 0/175 (0.0%) | 2/38 (5.3%) | 0.031* | 2/20 (10.0%) | 0/193 (0.0%) | 0.008* |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy | 1/213 (0.5%) | 0/175 (0.0%) | 1/38 (2.6%) | 0.178* | 1/20 (5.0%) | 0/193 (0.0%) | 0.094* |
| Gamma globulin | 40/213 (18.8%) | 22/175 (12.6%) | 18/38 (47.4%) | <0.001 | 8/20 (40.0%) | 32/193 (16.6%) | 0.024 |
| Immunoplasma therapy | 7/213 (3.3%) | 3/175 (1.7%) | 4/38 (10.5%) | 0.024 | 4/20 (20.0%) | 3/193 (1.6%) | 0.002* |
| Death | 3/213 (1.4%) | 0/175 (0.0%) | 3/38 (7.9%) | 0.005* | 3/20 (15.0%) | 0/193 (0.0%) | 0.001* |
*
Using Fisher exact test.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CT, computed tomography; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ICU, intensive care unit; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; PT, prothrombin time.