Table 5.
Association of covariates with CXR report following propensity score matching and either binomial or ordinal logistic regression
| X-ray report | OR (univariable) | OR with XR as binary | OR with XR as ordinal | ||||||
| Other X-ray | Classical | ||||||||
| Findings | COVID-19 | Variable (multivariable) | Outcome (multivariable) | ||||||
| n | 430 | 430 | |||||||
| RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 | Negative (%) | 187 (43.4) | 125 (29.1) | – | – | – | |||
| Positive (%) | 243 (56.6) | 305 (7.9) | 1.85 | (1.36–2.56, p<0.001)** | 1.79 | (1.25–2.56, p<0.002)* | 1.94 | (1.37–2.76, p<0.001)** | |
| Age | Mean (SD) | 65.0 (18.9) | 65.3 (16.9) | 1 | (0.99–1.01, p=0.849) | 0.99 | (0.98–1.00, p=0.164) | 1 | (0.99–1.01, p=0.542) |
| Sex | Female (%) | 176 (40.9) | 175 (40.6) | – | – | ||||
| Male (%) | 254 (59.1) | 255 (59.3) | 1.01 | (0.75–1.37, p=0.940) | 0.87 | (0.63–1.20, p=0.400) | 1.02 | (0.49–2.09, p=0.967) | |
| Ethnicity | Other Asian (%) | 49 (11.4) | 48 (11.2) | – | – | ||||
| South Asian (%) | 29 (6.7) | 29 (6.7) | 1.04 | (0.52–2.04, p=0.912) | 1.02 | (0.47–2.17, p=0.965) | 1.02 | (0.49–2.09, p=0.967) | |
| Black (%) | 61 (14.2) | 61 (14.2) | 1.02 | (0.55–1.85, p=0.957) | 0.88 | (0.46–1.69, p=0.719) | 0.92 | (0.52–1.65, p=0.789) | |
| Mixed (%) | 5 (1.2) | 5 (1.2) | 0.92 | (0.21–4.00, p=0.911) | 0.86 | (0.18–4.17, p=0.853) | 0.85 | (0.17–4.30, p=0.838) | |
| Other (%) | 70 (16.3) | 70 (16.3) | 1.02 | (0.58–1.79, p=0.943) | 0.98 | (0.52–1.82, p=0.942) | 0.93 | (0.53–1.64, p=0.810) | |
| White (%) | 216 (50.2) | 217 (50.5) | 1.03 | (0.63–1.67, p=0.913) | 0.97 | (0.57–1.67, p=0.926) | 0.9 | (0.55–1.47, p=0.666) | |
| Comorbidity | No (%) | 82 (19.1) | 78 (18.1) | – | – | ||||
| Yes (%) | 348 (80.9) | 352 (81.9) | 0.95 | (0.66–1.36, p=0.777) | 0.93 | (0.59–1.49, p=0.782) | 0.88 | (0.57–1.37, p=0.592) | |
| Dyspnoea | No (%) | 191 (29.3) | 103 (24.0) | – | – | ||||
| Yes (%) | 304 (70.7) | 327 (76.0) | 1.31 | (0.92–1.88, p=0.123) | 1.2 | (0.80–1.82, p=0.380) | 1.22 | (0.83–1.80, p=0.301) | |
| Oxygen saturation | Median (IQR) | 95 (7) | 93 (7) | 0.94 | (0.91–0.96, p<0.001)** | 0.94 | (0.92–0.97, p<0.001)** | 0.94 | (0.91–0.97, p<0.001)** |
| Respiratory rate | Median (IQR) | 24 (10) | 24 (10) | 1.01 | (0.99–1.02, p=0.570) | 0.97 | (0.94–1.00, p=0.063) | 0.98 | (0.96–1.01, p=0.157) |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | Median (IQR) | 15 (0) | 15 (0) | 1.04 | (0.92–1.19, p=0.524) | 1.05 | (0.90–1.23, p=0.503) | 1.05 | (0.92–1.21, p=0.464) |
| Temperature | Mean (SD) | 37.6 (1.1) | 37.5 (1.3) | 0.93 | (0.83–1.06, p=0.297) | 0.79 | (0.67–0.93, p=0.006)* | 0.85 | (0.73–0.99, p=0.031)* |
| Heart rate | Mean (SD) | 95.7 (21.4) | 95.5 (21.0) | 1 | (0.99–1.01, p=0.888) | 1 | (0.99–1.01, p=0.864) | 1 | (0.99–1.01, p=0.872) |
| Systolic blood pressure | Mean (SD) | 133.8 (25.0) | 134.0 (25.6) | 1 | (0.99–1.01, p=0.907) | 1 | (0.99–1.01, p=0.335) | 1 | (1.00–1.01, p=0.478) |
| Neutrophils | Median (IQR) | 5.44 (4.54) | 5.67 (4.03) | 1 | (0.97–1.04, p=0.892) | 0.96 | (0.92–1.01, p=0.143) | 0.96 | (0.92–1.01, p=0.115) |
| D-dimer | Median (IQR) | 1119 (2221) | 1119 (1850) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.513) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.568) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.385) |
| C reactive protein | Median (IQR) | 46 (93) | 88 (110) | 1 | (0.99–1.00, p<0.001)** | 1 | (1.00–1.01, p<0.001)** | 1 | (1.00–1.01, p<0.001)** |
| Troponin | Median (IQR) | 23 (54) | 20 (46) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.231) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.277) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.059) |
| Albumin | Median (IQR) | 39 (7) | 37 (6) | 0.93 | (0.90–0.96, p<0.001)** | 0.93 | (0.90–0.97, p=0.001)* | 0.94 | (0.91–0.97, p=0.001)* |
| Creatine kinase | Median (IQR) | 110 (183) | 134 (239) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.535) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.242) | 1 | (1.00–1.00, p=0.186) |
| Admitted from ED | Admitted (%) | 315 (73.3) | 373 (86.7) | 2.37 | (1.63–3.46, p<0.001)** | 2.3 | (1.46–3.63, p<0.001)** | 2.22 | (1.47–3.33, p<0.001)** |
| Discharged (%) | 115 (26.7) | 57 (13.3) | – | – | – | ||||
| Admitted to ITU from ED | No (%) | 423 (98.4) | 416 (96.7) | – | – | ||||
| Yes (%) | 7 (1.6) | 14 (3.3) | 2.17 | (0.69–6.67, p=0.181) | 1.27 | (0.32–5.00, p=0.732) | 1.34 | (0.36–5.00, p=0.653) | |
| 30-day follow-up status | Discharged (%) | 316 (73.5) | 311 (72.3) | – | – | ||||
| Admitted (%) | 34 (7.9) | 34 (7.9) | 1.31 | (0.81–2.13, p=0.282) | 1.32 | (0.69–2.53, p=0.392) | 1.43 | (0.78–2.63, p=0.653) | |
| Dead (%) | 80 (18.6) | 85 (19.8) | 1.03 | (0.73–1.45, p=0.886) | 1.38 | (0.80–2.37, p=0.247) | 1.41 | (0.87–2.27, p=0.157) | |
*p<0.001.
ED, emergency department; ITU, intensive treatment unit; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR.