Fig. 2.

Using natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI) to perform research studies with EHRs. Adopting a multicenter approach, the free-text unstructured information (e.g., clinical notes in any digital format) in millions of de-identified EHRs can be organized in aggregated databases using NLP and AI. These tools are currently being used to answer important clinical questions in Hospital Pharmacy settings in real time, such as drug efficacy/safety and comparative effectiveness; these can be used to guide share-risk agreements and decision-making in pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committees