Table 2.

Identified ESBL-E coli Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection Risk Factors

Risk Factors (Reference)	Adjusted OR	CI	Sample Size
Care related factors
Prior use of antibiotics
In the last 30 days27	1.8	[1.0–3.1]	n=449
[39]	3.1	[1.4–6.7]	n=172
In the last 3 months34	4.0	[1.6–10.0]	n=484
In the previous year30	4.6	[1.9–11.0]	n=300
Time NS28	5.6	[2.1–14.8]	n=140
Prior use of broad spectrum antibiotic
Any, 31–365 days before index date38	0.9	[0.5–1.7]	n=7,170
Penicillin, 31–365 days before index date38	1.0	[0.7–1.5]	n=7,170
Prior use of beta-lactams
In the last 90 days35	4.5	[1.8–11.0]	n=290
[37]	4.6	[2.0–10.7]	n=510
Prior use of penicillin
Any, time NS29	2.7	[1.2–6.3]	n=408
Prior use of cephalosporine
Cefuroxime, time NS36	21.4	[5.4–85.2]	n=74
2GC, time NS33	3.9	[1.8–8.5]	n=200
Cephalosporin, time NS29	2.2	[1.1–4.5]	n=408
3GC, time NS33	2.2	[1.01–5.0]	n=200
Prior use of Macrolide
Any, 31–365 days before index date38	1.5	[1.1–2.2]	n=7,170
Prior use of nitrofurantoin
31–365 days before index date38	1.54	[1.1–2.3]	n=7,170
Prior use of fluoroquinolones
Any, in the last 30 days27	2.1	[0.6–7.3]	n=449
Any, in the last 90 days35	19.0	[3.3–111.4]	n=290
Any, time NS33	2.6	[1.3–5.1]	n=200
[28]	9.9	[2.2–44.6]	n=140
Prior hospitalization
Any, in the last 30 days27	3.9	[1.2–12.7]	n=449
Any, in the last 3–12 months39	2.9	[1.3–6.6]	n=172
1–2 hospitalizations, in the previous year38	1.7	[1.3–2.3]	n=7,170
> 3 hospitalizations, in the previous year38	3.9	[2.6–5.8]	n=7,170
Prior surgery, in the last 3–12 months39	2.8	[1.9–8.0]	n=172
History of UTIs
Any, in the previous year38	1.3	[1.01–1.6]	n=7,170
≥3 episodes of UTI, in the previous year37	3.8	[1.8–8.1]	n=510
History of UTI due to E. coli, time NS29	3.4	[1.8–6.7]	n=408
Renal or urological disorder
History of recurrent acute pyelonephritis30	1.7	[0.7–3.9]	n=300
Recurrent acute pyelonephritis + history of diabetes30	4.2	[1.3–16.9]	n=300
Renal disease38	1.6	[1.0–2.5]	n=7,170
Urological abnormality34	3.5	[1.0–11.5]	n=484
Prior urinary catheterization29	3.3	[1.7–6.6]	n=408
History of prostatic disease37	9.6	[2.1–44.8]	n=510
Diabetes
[35]	3.7	[1.1–12.7]	n=290
[34]	3.0	[1.1–8.0]	n=484
[30]	1.7	[0.8–3.4]	n=300
Prior medication
Prior immunosuppressive therapy38	1.5	[1.1–2.1]	n=7,170
Chronic treatment with corticosteroids39	24.3	[2.4–246.9]	n=172
Demographic characteristics
Male sex
[38]	1.6	[1.2–2.1]	n=7,170
Age >55 years
[30]	2.0	[1.02–3.5]	n=300
Citizenship
Northern Europe vs other countries38	0.4	[0.2–0.7]	n=7,170
Environmental factors
Travelling abroad (Asia, Middle East, Africa)
In the previous 6 weeks35	16.4	[3.4–78.8]	n=290
Same regions between 6 weeks and 2 years before35	2.2	[1.1–4.3]	n=290
Swimming in freshwater
[35]	2.1	[1.02–4.2]	n=290
Number of fish meals per week
[35]	0.6	[0.5–0.9]	n=290