Table 4.
Combined association of maternal behavioral factors during pregnancy with childhood respiratory allergies
| All Population Group | Allergen Test Subgroup | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Crude Model | Adjusted Model I | Adjusted Model II | Crude Model | Adjusted Model I | Adjusted Model II | |||
| Male | ||||||||
| 0 | 30 (2.7%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4 (1.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 vs. 0 | 249 (22.3%) | 1.762 (1.132–2.744) * | 1.668 (1.046–2.662) * | 1.645 (1.029–2.630) * | 60 (20.5%) | 3.025 (1.074–8.519) * | 3.127 (1.068–9.157) * | 3.063 (1.034–9.073) * |
| 2 vs. 0 | 607 (54.3%) | 2.508 (1.633–3.853) *** | 1.959 (1.244–3.086) ** | 1.921 (1.217–3.033) ** | 169 (57.7%) | 4.903 (1.779–13.513) ** | 3.978 (1.389–11.386) * | 3.648 (1.261–10.559) * |
| 3 vs. 0 | 232 (20.8%) | 3.523 (2.243–5.536) *** | 2.464 (1.526–3.981) *** | 2.412 (1.489–3.906) *** | 60 (20.5%) | 6.382 (2.256–18.048) *** | 4.171 (1.412–12.317) * | 3.895 (1.304–11.634) * |
| Female | ||||||||
| 0 | 22 (2.8%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 1 (1.2%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 vs. 0 | 170 (21.8%) | 1.283 (0.784–2.127) | 1.110 (0.661–1.863) | 1.041 (0.617–1.755) | 42 (25.1%) | 3.204 (0.756–13.572) | 2.555 (0.587–11.124) | 2.677 (0.599-11.954) |
| 2 vs. 0 | 437 (56.1%) | 1.652 (1.015–2.689) * | 1.178 (0.711–1.952) | 1.101 (0.662–1.833) | 91 (54.5%) | 3.385 (0.816–14.039) | 2.022 (0.470–8.695) | 2.013 (0.457–8.866) |
| 3 vs. 0 | 150 (19.3%) | 1.957 (1.173–3.267) * | 1.298 (0.761–2.214) | 1.217 (0.710–2.084) | 32 (19.2%) | 4.251 (0.995–18.158) | 2.272 (0.511–10.101) | 2.316 (0.507–10.568) |
OR odds ratios, CI confidence interval, Ref reference
** p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Maternal risk behavioral factors included sleep duration less than 8 h, physical activity less than 1 h/day, screen exposure more than 2 h/day; “0” demonstrated that none of three risk factors were occurred. “1” demonstrated that one of these three risk factors was occurred; “2” demonstrated that two of these three risk factors were occurred; and “3” demonstrated that these three risk factors were all occurred
Model I adjusted for child’s age, childhood overweight/ obesity, child’s sleep duration on weekdays, child’s sleep duration on weekends, child’s exercise frequency, children’s screen exposure frequency, family income, family structure, mother’s education, father’s education, family history of allergic diseases
Model II further adjusted for gestational weeks, delivery mode, full breastfeeding, maternal smoking exposure, maternal drinking, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, gestational anemia, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, mother’s age at delivery, farmlands and orchards near house, chemical discharging near house, smog-emitting factories near house, large garbage dump near house