. 2020 Sep 23;12(10):2911. doi: 10.3390/nu12102911

Table 2.

Health outcomes evolution.

Outcomes	Changes from Baseline				Time	Group	Interac-	Between Groups	Re	rE	Re
Variables	All	Re	rE	re	Effect	Effect	tion	Differences	vs re	vs re	vs rE
BMI					<0.001	<0.05	0.044		0.491	0.006	0.001
D0	33.4 ± 4.1	32.1 ± 3.9	34.4 ± 4.2	33.9 ± 4
D21	32.2 ± 3.9	30.8 ± 3.8	33 ± 3.9	32.7 ± 3.8	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.472	rE = re = Re	0.760	0.501	0.651
M3	30.9 ± 3.8	29.6 ± 3.7	31.5 ± 3.6	31.6 ± 3.9	***/^†††/^¥		0.084	re = rE = Re	0.887	0.103	0.127
M6	31.1 ± 4.0	30.2 ± 4.1	31.5 ± 4	31.7 ± 3.9	***/^†††		0.034	Re = re > rE	0.436	0.043	0.007
M12	31.0 ± 4.0	29.9 ± 3.9	31.3 ± 4	31.8 ± 4	***/^†††/^‡		0.015	Re = re > rE	0.496	0.019	0.004
Weight (g/day)					<0.001	0.0547	0.027		0.584	0.211	0.078
D0	89.3 ± 13.3	85.4 ± 12.4	94 ± 13.7	89 ± 12.7
D21	84.8 ± 12.4	81.9 ± 11.7	87.1 ± 13.1	85.7 ± 12.1	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥		0.000	rE > re = Re	0.757	0.001	0.002
M3	82.6 ± 12.1	79.1 ± 11.3	86.1 ± 12.3	82.6 ± 12.2	***/^†††		0.144	rE = re = Re	0.820	0.163	0.115
M6	83.0 ± 13.0	80.4 ± 12.6	86.1 ± 13.6	82.8 ± 12.5	***/^†††		0.040	rE > re = Re	0.407	0.048	0.008
M12	82.2 ± 12.6	79.2 ± 11.9	84.9 ± 12.9	82.5 ± 12.7	***/^††		0.046	rE > re = Re	0.671	0.055	0.025
Fat Mass (kg)					<0.001	0.0214	0.035		0.617	0.011	0.003
D0	30.7 ± 7.9	27.7 ± 7.6	32.2 ± 7.7	32.3 ± 7.6
D21	28.0 ± 7.6	24.9 ± 7.1	29.7 ± 7.3	30.1 ± 7.4	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥		0.268	re = rE= Re	0.246	0.305	0.905
M3	25.7 ± 7.2	22.1 ± 6.9	26.3 ± 6.8	28.3 ± 6.8	***/^†††		0.033	re > rE	0.592	0.044	0.112
M6	25.7 ± 7.7	23.2 ± 8.3	26 ± 7.6	28 ± 6.7	***/^†††		0.008	Re = re > rE	0.760	0.012	0.005
M12	26.1 ± 7.8	22.7 ± 7	26.7 ± 8.1	28.5 ± 7.3	***/^††		0.032	Re = re > rE	0.773	0.038	0.021
Fat Free Mass (kg)					<0.001	0.1462	0.068		0.698	0.004	0.001
D0	58.5 ± 11.1	57.5 ± 10.8	61.8 ± 11.8	56.5 ± 10.7
D21	57.6 ± 10.5	56.9 ± 10.2	60.7 ± 10.8	55.6 ± 10.3	***/^‡		0.811	rE = Re = re	0.331	0.792	0.270
M3	56.8 ± 10.9	56.5 ± 10.6	59.5 ± 10.9	54.5 ± 10.9	***/^†		0.241	rE = Re = re	0.935	0.246	0.227
M6	57.3 ± 10.7	57.1 ± 10.4	60.3 ± 10.8	54.8 ± 10.6	***		0.214	rE = Re = re	0.443	0.212	0.057
M12	56.3 ± 10.8	56.8 ± 11.1	58.1 ± 10.4	54.2 ± 10.9	***		0.006	rE >> Re = re	0.530	0.006	0.001
Central Fat (g)					<0.001	0.3123	0.011		0.262	0.004	0.087
D0	3051 ± 754	2900 ± 695	3184 ± 774	3082 ± 788
D21	2667 ± 675	2387 ± 582	2789 ± 678	2837 ± 688	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.076	re > rE > Re	0.000	0.088	0.213
M3	2415 ± 690	2124 ± 560	2505 ± 732	2599 ± 690	***/^†††		0.028	re > rE > Re	0.012	0.030	0.952
M6	2370 ± 761	2178 ± 733	2378 ± 819	2550 ± 709	***/^†††/^¥¥¥		0.002	re > rE > Re	0.041	0.002	0.224
M12	2447 ± 725	2213 ± 629	2451 ± 731	2656 ± 757	***/^{†††/###}		0.006	re > rE > Re	0.038	0.006	0.387
Waist Circumference (cm)					<0.001	0.1142	0.019		0.331	0.000	0.010
D0	102.2 ± 10	99.6 ± 9.1	105.3 ± 11.2	102.1 ± 9.2
D21	97.2 ± 8.9	94.5 ± 8.9	99.2 ± 9.3	97.9 ± 8.2	***/^‡‡‡/^#/^¥¥		0.144	rE = re = Re	0.418	0.139	0.495
M3	94.0 ± 8.8	90.9 ± 7.7	95.9 ± 9.8	95.3 ± 8.3	***/^†††		0.040	rE > re	0.095	0.040	0.621
M6	94.4 ± 9.5	92.3 ± 9.2	95.0 ± 10.6	96 ± 8.5	***/^†		0.001	Re = re > rE	0.305	0.001	0.028
M12	93.9 ± 8.6	91.7 ± 8.0	94.4 ± 9.1	95.6 ± 8.7	***/^††		0.000	Re = re > rE	0.226	0.000	0.025
Blood Glucose					<0.001	0.7996	0.280		0.973	0.174	0.184
D0	5.5 ± 1.4	5.5 ± 1.2	5.2 ± 1.0	5.7 ± 2
D21	4.7 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 1.1	4.7 ± 0.6	4.8 ± 0.9	***		0.110	rE = re = Re	0.561	0.115	0.262
M3	4.6 ± 0.9	4.6 ± 0.8	4.7 ± 1.0	4.5 ± 1.0	***		0.010	rE = re	0.257	0.011	0.116
M6	4.8 ± 1.0	4.8 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 0.7	4.8 ± 1.3	***		0.146	rE = re = Re	0.329	0.156	0.638
M12	4.8 ± 0.8	4.6 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 1.0	4.9 ± 1.0	***		0.087	rE > Re	0.873	0.085	0.030
HbA1c					<0.001	0.9863	0.704		0.164	0.865	0.237
D0	6.3 ± 0.8	6.3 ± 0.8	6.2 ± 0.6	6.4 ± 0.9
D21	6.0 ± 0.7	6.0 ± 0.7	6.0 ± 0.5	6.1 ± 0.8	***		0.968	rE = re = Re	0.717	0.978	0.729
M3	5.9 ± 0.5	5.9 ± 0.5	5.9 ± 0.4	6.0 ± 0.7	***		0.733	rE = re = Re	0.434	0.737	0.612
M6	5.8 ± 0.5	5.8 ± 0.5	5.8 ± 0.4	5.9 ± 0.7	***		0.562	rE = re = Re	0.756	0.545	0.794
M12	6.0 ± 0.6	5.9 ± 0.5	6.0 ± 0.5	6.1 ± 0.8	***		0.913	rE = re = Re	0.219	0.865	0.139
Insulinemia (UI/L)					<0.001	0.1183	0.231		0.160	0.064	0.629
D0
D21	3884 ± 1379	3593 ± 1261	3701 ± 1281	4348 ± 1495	^###		0.208	rE = re = Re	0.294	0.213	0.801
M3	3655 ± 1724	3486 ± 1977	3717 ± 1713	3766 ± 1485	^###		0.004	rE = Re < re	0.036	0.005	0.392
M6	4196 ± 1740	4098 ± 1727	4621 ± 1852	3906 ± 1620	**/^{†††/‡‡‡}/^¥¥¥		0.301	rE = re = Re	0.223	0.311	0.895
M12	5053 ± 1454	4969 ± 1296	5012 ± 1604	5173 ± 1496	^###		0.022	rE < re	0.101	0.024	0.470
Homa-IR					<0.001	0.2460	0.062		0.204	0.040	0.415
D0	3.9 ± 2.1	3.6 ± 1.6	3.5 ± 1.4	4.6 ± 2.8
D21	3.1 ± 1.6	3.0 ± 1.9	3.1 ± 1.5	3.2 ± 1.4	***/^##		0.050	rE = re = Re	0.138	0.060	0.615
M3	3.6 ± 2.1	3.5 ± 1.9	4.1 ± 2.2	3.3 ± 2.1	**/^##		0.001	rE = Re >>> re	0.023	0.001	0.219
M6	4.4 ± 1.9	4.4 ± 1.7	4.2 ± 1.6	4.7 ± 2.4	^††/^‡‡/^¥¥		0.205	rE = re = Re	0.173	0.228	0.912
M12	3.6 ± 1.7	3.3 ± 1.4	3.9 ± 1.8	3.5 ± 1.8	**/^##		0.006	rE > re	0.124	0.008	0.190
Total Cholesterol					<0.001	0.7629	0.263		0.444	0.889	0.376
D0	5.5 ± 1.0	5.6 ± 1.2	5.5 ± 0.8	5.4 ± 0.8
D21	4.2 ± 0.9	4.2 ± 1.0	4.3 ± 0.9	4.2 ± 0.8	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.837	rE = re = Re	0.334	0.842	0.437
M3	5.3 ± 1.1	5.4 ± 1.2	5.4 ± 1.1	5.1 ± 0.9	*/^†††/^###/^¥¥¥		0.206	rE = re = Re	0.404	0.178	0.676
M6	5.3 ± 1.0	5.3 ± 1.1	5.3 ± 0.8	5.3 ± 1.0	^†††		0.714	rE = re = Re	0.371	0.705	0.587
M12	5.3 ± 0.9	5.5 ± 1.1	5.3 ± 0.7	5.2 ± 0.8	^†††		1.00	rE = re = Re	0.296	0.950	0.285
Triglycerides					<0.001	0.5708	0.650		0.723	0.413	0.636
D0	1.9 ± 0.9	1.8 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.9	2.2 ± 1.2
D21	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	***/^##/^¥¥¥		0.134	rE = re = Re	0.089	0.174	0.906
M3	1.6 ± 0.7	1.4 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.9	1.6 ± 0.7	***		0.046	rE = re = Re	0.320	0.065	0.257
M6	1.7 ± 0.9	1.6 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 1.2	1.8 ± 0.9	**/^††		0.228	rE = re = Re	0.296	0.269	0.814
M12	1.8 ± 0.9	1.6 ± 0.7	1.8 ± 1.2	1.9 ± 1.0	*/^†††		0.237	rE = re = Re	0.433	0.275	0.629
HDL Cholesterol					<0.001	0.9121	0.412		0.859	0.296	0.384
D0	1.2 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.3
D21	1.1 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.3	^##/^¥¥¥		0.395	rE = re = Re	0.893	0.402	0.291
M3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4			0.625	rE = re = Re	0.214	0.605	0.067
M6	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4	**/^††		0.955	rE = re = Re	0.741	0.948	0.687
M12	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4	**/^†††		0.458	rE = re = Re	0.661	0.475	0.743
LDL Cholesterol					<0.001	0.2260	0.081		0.403	0.717	0.239
D0	3.5 ± 0.9	3.6 ± 1.1	3.5 ± 0.8	3.3 ± 0.8
D21	2.5 ± 0.8	2.4 ± 0.9	2.6 ± 0.8	2.5 ± 0.8	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.633	rE = re = Re	0.108	0.629	0.269
M3	3.3 ± 1.0	3.4 ± 1.1	3.5 ± 1	3.0 ± 0.8	*/^†††		0.224	rE = re = Re	0.590	0.181	0.510
M6	3.3 ± 1.0	3.3 ± 1.1	3.4 ± 0.8	3.2 ± 1.0	^†††		0.704	rE = re = Re	0.272	0.695	0.482
M12	3.2 ± 0.9	3.5 ± 1.1	3.2 ± 0.6	3.0 ± 0.7	*/^†††		0.649	rE = re = Re	0.375	0.570	0.182
Hs-CRP					<0.001	0.4765	0.682		0.323	0.254	0.858
D0	4.4 ± 3.8	3.7 ± 3.3	4.2 ± 3.3	5.2 ± 4.5
D21	3.0 ± 3.6	2.3 ± 3.5	3.1 ± 2.9	3.8 ± 4.1	*		0.856	rE = re = Re	0.924	0.841	0.757
M3	3.5 ± 4.0	3.2 ± 4.7	2.7 ± 2.3	4.4 ± 4.3	^#/¥¥		0.345	rE = re = Re	0.841	0.282	0.260
M6	2.7 ± 2.5	2.2 ± 1.8	2.9 ± 2.4	3.1 ± 3.0	***/^‡		0.438	rE = re = Re	0.564	0.399	0.852
M12	2.5 ± 2.3	1.9 ± 2.3	2.8 ± 2.7	2.7 ± 1.9	***/^‡‡		0.306	rE = re = Re	0.477	0.265	0.761
Systolic Blood Pressure					<0.001	0.5590	0.285		0.413	0.175	0.031
D0	139.3 ± 14.3	139.2 ± 12.1	137.1 ± 13.9	141.6 ± 16.6
D21	130.0 ± 10.3	130.2 ± 8.7	129 ± 11.2	130.7 ± 11.2	***/^‡/^#/^¥¥¥		0.351	rE = re = Re	0.532	0.362	0.739
M3	135.4 ± 12.5	134.4 ± 12	134.7 ± 12	137.0 ± 13.6	*/^†		0.463	rE = re = Re	0.952	0.463	0.402
M6	135.8 ± 12.5	135.9 ± 9.5	134.7 ± 11.3	136.7 ± 16.1	*/^†		0.401	rE = re = Re	0.583	0.411	0.753
M12	137.5 ± 12.1	134.0 ± 9.7	139.8 ± 11.7	139.1 ± 14.1	^†††		0.103	rE >> Re	0.340	0.093	0.006
Diastolic Blood Pressure					<0.001	0.7698	0.831		0.342	0.906	0.297
D0	83.9 ± 9.8	84.5 ± 11.4	84.4 ± 8.6	82.9 ± 9.1
D21	77.7 ± 9.7	77.5 ± 10.6	79.0 ± 11.5	76.6 ± 6.7	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.698	rE = re = Re	0.757	0.679	0.490
M3	83.9 ± 9.4	84.6 ± 10.1	84.2 ± 9.8	83.0 ± 8.3	^†††		0.884	rE = re = Re	0.998	0.879	0.882
M6	84.3 ± 9.3	84.3 ± 8.8	84.6 ± 9.6	83.9 ± 9.7	^†††		0.691	rE = re = Re	0.564	0.692	0.867
M12	83.8 ± 9.4	82.6 ± 7.6	85.7 ± 11.1	83.2 ± 9.5	^†††		0.618	rE = re = Re	0.306	0.572	0.132

Re, rE and re: see methods for details. Bold for significant difference. D: day; M: month. HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; Homa-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, Hs-CRP: high-sensitivity c-reactive protein. BMI: Body Mass Index. *: p < 0.05 vs. D0; **: p < 0.01 vs. D0; ***: p < 0.001 vs. D0; ^†: p < 0.05 vs. D20; ^††: p < 0.01 vs. D20; ^†††: p < 0.001 vs. D20; ^‡: p < 0.05 vs. M3; ^‡‡: p < 0.01 vs. M3; ^‡‡‡: p < 0.001 vs. M3; ^#: p < 0.05 vs. M6; ^##: p < 0.01 vs. M6; ^###: p < 0.001 vs. M6; ^¥: p < 0.05 vs. M12; ^¥¥: p < 0.01 vs. M12; ^¥¥¥: p < 0.001 vs. M12. Re, rE and re: see methods for details.