Table 3.
Toxicities of Rifabutin
| Study | Study Participants Receiving Rifabutin | Incidence | Dose, mg/d | Other Antimicrobials | Time to Toxicity | Reversible? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leukopenia | ||||||
| Torseth et al. 1989 [40] | 15 AIDS patients | 0.45 0.20 |
600–900 1200 |
- | 28 d | Yes |
| Nightingale et al. 1993 [41] | 566 AIDS patients | 0.02 | 300 | - | ||
| Apseloff et al. 1996 [42] | 30 healthy adults | .78 | 300 | AZM or CLR | 10 d | Yes |
| Chien et al. 2014 [43] | 221 MTB patients | 0.06 | 300 | EMB, INH, and PZA | ||
| Gordin et al. 1999 [44] | 102 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.19 | 300 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Benson et al. 2003 [45] | 107 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.23 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Naiker et al. 2014 [31] | 16 HIV+/MTB+ | 0.44 | 150 | EMB, INH, PZA, and LPV | 28–122 d | |
| Griffith et al. 1995 [46] | 26 MAC patients | 0.3 | 600 | AZM/CLR, EMB, and STM | Mean: 2.4 ± 2.2 mo | Yes |
| Griffith et al. 1996 [47] | 53 MAC patients | 0.31 0.36 0.14 0.09 |
600 300 600 (MWF) 300 (MWF) |
AZM/CLR | 3.9 ± 2 mo 3.7 ± 2.6 mo 4 ± 1.7 mo 4.7 ± 3.5 mo |
Yes |
| Siegal et al. 1990 [34] | 16 AIDS patients | 0.06 | 1200–1600 | - | Yes | |
| Benson et al. 2000 [48] | 780 AIDS patients | 0.25 0.26 |
440 | - CLR |
||
| Mori et al. 2015 [49] | 29 H. pylori patients | 0.07 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Ghannad et al. 2019 [13] | 14 healthy adults | 0.29 | 300 | MVC | ||
| Uveitis | ||||||
| Siegal et al. 1990 [34] | 16 AIDS patients | 0.06 0.06 |
1200 1800 |
- | 16 wk 14 wk |
Yes |
| Shafran et al. 1994 [50] | 59 AIDS patients | 0.39 | 600 | FCZ and CLR | Mean 65 d | |
| Chien et al. 2014 [43] | 221 MTB patients | 0.005 | 300 | EMB, INH, and PZA | ||
| Havlir et al. 1996 [51] | 460 AIDS patients | 0.01 | 300 | AZM | ||
| May et al. 1997 [52] | 72 HIV+/MAC+ | .07 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Gordin et al. 1999 [44] | 102 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.04 | 300 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Benson et al. 2003 [45] | 107 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.07 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Cohn et al. 1999 [53] | 42 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.02 | 300 | CLR and EMB | 8 mo | |
| Naiker et al. 2014 [31] | 16 HIV+/MTB+ | 0.04 | 150 | EMB, INH, PZA, and LPV | 1 mo | |
| Griffith et al. 1995 [46] | 26 MAC patients | 0.08 | 600 | AZM/CLR, EMB, and STM | Mean: 2.4 +/- 2.2 mo | Yes |
| Benson et al. 2000 [48] | 780 AIDS patients | 0.02 0.09 |
440 | - CLR |
18 wk | |
| Influenza-like illness | ||||||
| Torseth et al. 1989 [40] | 15 AIDS patients | 0.53 | 300–1200 | - | 24 h | Yes |
| Chien et al. 2014 [43] | 221 MTB patients | 0.03 | 300 | EMB, INH, and PZA | ||
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) | ||||||
| Nightingale et al. 1993 [41] | 566 AIDS patients | 0.03 | 300 | - | ||
| Weiser et al. 1989 [24] | 16 AIDS patients | 0.06 | 600 | - | ||
| Chien et al. 2014 [43] | 221 MTB patients | 0.04 | 300 | EMB, INH, and PZA | ||
| Havlir et al. 1996 [51] | 460 AIDS patients | 0.01 | 300 | AZM | ||
| May et al. 1997 [52] | 72 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.07 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Benson et al. 2003 [45] | 107 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.29 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Griffith et al. 1995 [46] | 26 MAC patients | 0.42 | 600 | AZM/CLR, EMB, and STM | Mean: 2.4 +/- 2.2 mo | |
| Benson et al. 2000 [48] | 780 AIDS patients | 0.07 0.05 |
440 | - CLR |
||
| Havlir et al. 1996 [51] | 460 AIDS patients | 0.27 | 300 | AZM | ||
| Fiorini et al. 2018 [54] | 256 H. pylori patients | 0.12 | 150 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Mori et al. 2015 [49] | 29 H. pylori patients | 0.17 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Sung et al. 2017 [55] | 11 H. pylori patients | 0.01 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Ribaldone et al. 2019 [56] | 302 H. pylori patients | 0.03 | 150 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Arthralgias | ||||||
| Weiser et al. 1989 [24] | 16 AIDS patients | 0.9 | >1000 | - | 8 wk | |
| Chien et al. 2014 [43] | 221 MTB patients | 0.02 | 300 | EMB, INH, and PZA | ||
| Griffith et al. 1995 [46] | 26 MAC patients | 0.19 | 600 | AZM/CLR, EMB, and STM | Mean: 2.4 +/- 2.2 mo | Yes |
| Siegal et al. 1990 [34] | 16 AIDS patients | 0.9 | >1000 | - | 16–66 wk | Yes |
| Havlir et al. 1996 [51] | 460 AIDS patients | 0.01 | 300 | AZM | ||
| Ghannad et al. 2019 [13] | 14 healthy adults | 0.14 | 300 | MVC | ||
| Dermatologic events (rash, flushing, hyperpigmentation, etc.) | ||||||
| Nightingale et al. 1993 [41] | 566 AIDS patients | 0.04 | 300 | - | ||
| Chien et al. 2014 [43] | 221 MTB patients | 0.1 | 300 | EMB, INH, and PZA | ||
| Gordin et al. 1999 [44] | 102 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.16 | 300 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Griffith et al. 1995 [46] | 26 MAC patients | 0.15 | 600 | AZM/CLR, EMB, and STM | Mean: 2.4 +/- 2.2 mo | |
| Havlir et al. 1996 [51] | 460 AIDS patients | 0.02 | 300 | AZM | ||
| Mori et al. 2015 [49] | 29 H. pylori patients | 0.1 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Elevated liver function tests | ||||||
| Chien et al. 2014 [43] | 221 MTB patients | 0.02 | 300 | EMB, INH, and PZA | ||
| May et al. 1997 [52] | 72 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.03 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Benson et al. 2003 [45] | 107 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.3 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Naiker et al. 2014 [31] | 16 HIV+/MTB+ | 0.13 | 150 | EMB, INH, PZA, and LPV | 96–106 d | |
| Griffith et al. 1995 [46] | 26 MAC patients | 0.12 | 600 | AZM/CLR, EMB, and STM | Mean: 2.4 +/- 2.2 mo | |
| Siegal et al. 1990 [34] | 16 AIDS patients | 0.83 | >1800 | - | 12 wk | Yes |
| Benson et al. 2000 [48] | 780 AIDS patients | 0.06 0.08 |
440 | - CLR |
||
| Mori et al. 2015 [49] | 29 H. pylori patients | 0.17 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | ||||||
| Benson et al. 2003 [45] | 107 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.09 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Griffith et al. 1995 [46] | 26 MAC patients | 0.15 | 600 | AZM/CLR, EMB, and STM | Mean: 2.4 +/- 2.2 mo | Yes |
| Siegal et al. 1990 [34] | 16 AIDS patients | 0.06 | 1200–1600 | - | Yes | |
| Benson et al. 2000 [48] | 780 AIDS patients | 0.05 0.05 |
440 | - CLR |
||
| Anemia | ||||||
| Benson et al. 2003 [45] | 107 HIV+/MAC+ | 0.23 | 450 | CLR and EMB | ||
| Siegal et al. 1990 [34] | 16 AIDS patients | 0.06 | 1200–1600 | - | Yes | |
| Benson et al. 2000 [48] | 780 AIDS patients | 0.02 0.02 |
440 | - CLR |
||
| Taste disturbances | ||||||
| Fiorini et al. 2018 [54] | 256 H. pylori patients | 0.02 | 150 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Mori et al. 2015 [49] | 29 H. pylori patients | 0.03 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Sung et al. 2017 [55] | 11 H. pylori patients | 0.01 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Headache | ||||||
| Fiorini et al. 2018 [54] | 256 H. pylori patients | 0.02 | 150 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Mori et al. 2015 [49] | 29 H. pylori patients | 0.28 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Ribaldone et al. 2019 [56] | 302 H. pylori patients | <0.01 | 150 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Ghannad et al. 2019 [13] | 14 healthy adults | 0.29 | 300 | MVC | ||
| Myalgias | ||||||
| Fiorini et al. 2018 [54] | 256 H. pylori patients | <0.01 | 150 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Ghannad et al. 2019 [13] | 14 healthy adults | 0.07 | 300 | MVC | ||
| Fever | ||||||
| Mori et al. 2015 [49] | 29 H. pylori patients | 0.28 | 300 | PPI and AMX | ||
| Ghannad et al. 2019 [13] | 14 healthy adults | 0.14 | 300 | MVC |
Toxicities included in the table were those reported in 2 or more manuscripts.
Abbreviations: AMX, amoxicillin; AZM, azithromycin; CLR, clarithromycin; EMB, ethambutol; FCZ, fluconazole; INH, isoniazid; LPV, lopinavir; MAC, M. avium complex; MTB, M. tuberculous; MVC, maraviroc; MWF, Monday Wednesday Friday dosing; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; PZA, pyrazinamide; STM, streptomycin.