Table 2.
TBM-Specific Resource Availability and Utilization in Tertiary Centers in China, India, and South Africa
| Resource | China | India | South Africa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (%) | Yes (%) | Yes (%) | |
| Resource Availability | |||
| General | |||
| Intensive care unit | 15/16 (93.8) | 17/17 (100) | 26/27 (96.3) |
| Treatment protocol | 16/16 (100) | 12/17 (70.6) | 11/27 (40.7) |
| Noninvasive Neuroimaginga | |||
| Computed tomography | 16/16 (100) | 16/17 (94.1) | 26/27 (96.3) |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 16/16 (100) | 16/17 (94.1) | 24/27 (88.9) |
| Neurosurgerya | |||
| Neurosurgery consult | 15/16 (93.8) | 17/17 (100) | 26/27 (96.3) |
| Ventriculoperitoneal shunt | 13/16 (81.3) | 16/17 (94.1) | 23/27 (85.2) |
| Lumbar drain | 13/15 (86.7)* | 14/17 (82.4) | 18/27 (66.7) |
| External ventricular drain | 15/16 (93.8) | 15/17 (88.2) | 20/27 (74.1) |
| Endoscopic third ventriculostomy | 10/16 (62.5) | 16/17 (94.1) | 16/26 (61.5)* |
| Laboratory Tests | |||
| All blood laboratory tests | 16/16 (100) | 16/17 (94.1) | 26/27 (96.3) |
| All urine laboratory tests | 16/16 (100) | 16/17 (94.1) | 26/27 (96.3) |
| All CSF laboratory tests | 16/16 (100) | 16/17 (94.1) | 26/27 (96.3) |
| Resource Utilization | |||
| Noninvasive Neuroimaginga | |||
| Computed tomography | 11/16 (68.8) | 12/16 (75) | 25/26 (96.2) |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 16/16 (100) | 15/16 (93.8) | 5/26 (19.2) |
| TBM Diagnosisa,b | |||
| Empiric | 4/16 (25) | 9/17 (52.9) | 17/27 (63) |
| Culture | 15/16 (93.8) | 7/17 (41.2) | 14/27 (51.9) |
| Gram stainc | 16/16 (100) | 5/17 (29.4) | 9/27 (33.3) |
| Polymerase chain reactiond | 10/16 (62.5) | 10/17 (58.8) | 14/27 (51.9) |
| ICP Monitoringa | |||
| External ventricular drain transduced | 0/15 (0)* | 4/14 (28.6)* | 4/26 (15.4)* |
| Lumbar puncture | 15/15 (100)* | 12/14 (85.7)* | 26/26 (100)* |
| Intraparenchymal intracranial pressure catheter | 0/15 (0)* | 5/14 (35.7)* | 1/26 (3.8)* |
| ICP Managementa | |||
| Ventriculoperitoneal shunt | 10/14 (71.4)* | 15/17 (88.2) | 17/25 (68)* |
| External ventricular drain | 11/14 (78.6)* | 15/17 (88.2) | 13/25 (52)* |
| Endoscopic third ventriculostomy | 2/14 (14.3)* | 7/17 (41.2) | 5/25 (20)* |
| Lumbar drain | 8/14 (57.1)* | 3/17 (17.6) | 2/25 (8)* |
| Lumbar puncture | 8/16 (50) | 4/17 (23.5) | 16/27 (59.3) |
| Diuretics | 15/16 (93.8) | 10/17 (58.8) | 12/27 (44.4) |
| Osmotics | 16/16 (100) | 17/17 (100.0) | 16/27 (59.3) |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ICP, intracranial pressure; TBM, tuberculous meningitis.
NOTE: The availability of resource combines respondents that answered “always” and “sometimes” to access.
aMore than 1 response was allowed per question.
bOnly utilization, not availability, of TBM diagnostics.
cGram stain includes acid-fast bacilli smear.
dAll but 1 of the polymerase chain reactions were GeneXpert (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA).
*Indicates questions for which some responses were missing.