Table 2.
Demographic, Biochemical, and Clinical Characteristics of the 516 Patients Included in the Study, Divided According to 1-Year Mortality Status
| Survivors | Nonsurvivors | SHR (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 317 | 199 | ||
| Anthropometric data | ||||
| Age, y | 59 (50–69) | 67 (58–77) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <.001 |
| Male sex | 203 (64) | 117 (59) | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) | .261 |
| Etiology of cirrhosis | ||||
| Viral | 121 (38) | 99 (50) | 1.43 (1.08–1.89) | .011 |
| Alcohol | 64 (20) | 37 (19) | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) | .639 |
| NASH | 20 (6) | 9 (5) | 0.80 (0.40–1.62) | .538 |
| Mixed etiologya | 59 (19) | 25 (13) | 0.68 (0.45–1.03) | .070 |
| Other | 53 (17) | 29 (15) | 0.88 (0.60–1.31) | .541 |
| BFI and ACLF at admission or during hospitalization | ||||
| BFI at admission | 59 (19) | 49 (25) | 1.51 (1.08–2.11) | .017 |
| BFI during hospitalization | 29 (9) | 32 (16) | 1.87 (1.26–2.79) | .002 |
| All BFI | 88 (28) | 81 (41) | 1.63 (1.23–2.17) | .001 |
| ACLF at admission | 48 (15) | 58 (29) | 2.11 (1.53–2.92) | <.001 |
| Grade 1 | 24 (50) | 22 (38) | 1.34 (0.87–2.06) | .186 |
| Grade 2 | 21 (44) | 32 (55) | 2.56 (1.65–3.97) | <.001 |
| Grade 3 | 3 (6) | 4 (7) | 2.42 (0.65–9.08) | .189 |
| ACLF during hospitalization | 23 (7) | 36 (18) | 2.29 (1.57–3.34) | <.001 |
| Grade 1 | 20 (87) | 20 (56) | 1.49 (0.93–2.37) | .095 |
| Grade 2 | 3 (13) | 9 (25) | 3.08 (1.52–6.22) | .002 |
| Grade 3 | 0 (0) | 7 (19) | 13.18 (7.93–21.91) | <.001 |
| All ACLF | 71 (22) | 94 (47) | 2.68 (2.02–3.56) | <.001 |
| Renal failure | 33 (47) | 50 (53) | 1.30 (0.87–1.94) | .200 |
| Liver failure | 20 (28) | 27 (29) | 1.10 (0.70–1.75) | .670 |
| Coagulation failure | 14 (20) | 20 (21) | 1.16 (0.69–1.93) | .581 |
| Brain failure | 21 (30) | 30 (32) | 1.14 (0.74–1.78) | .547 |
| Respiratory failure | 2 (3) | 12 (13) | 2.41 (1.32–4.42) | .004 |
| Circulatory failure | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 2.04 (1.27–3.27) | .003 |
| Not complicated BFI | 64 (20) | 29 (15) | 1.09 (0.72–1.65) | .700 |
| BFI and ACLF | 24 (8) | 52 (26) | 3.78 (2.62–5.44) | <.001 |
| ACLF without BFI | 47 (15) | 42 (21) | 2.05 (1.39–3.03) | <.001 |
| Main clinical features at admission | ||||
| Ascites | 154 (49) | 136 (68) | 1.98 (1.47–2.67) | <.001 |
| HE grades III/IV | 39 (12) | 44 (22) | 1.85 (1.30–2.63) | .001 |
| Renal dysfunctionb | 54 (17) | 54 (27) | 1.73 (1.24–2.40) | .001 |
| GI bleeding | 29 (9) | 7 (3) | 0.42 (0.20–0.89) | .024 |
| Biochemical and hemodynamic data at admission | ||||
| WBC, 109/L | 5.2 (3.6–7.9) | 6.2 (4.2–9.3) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | .001 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.98 (0.34–2.53) | 1.76 (0.84–5.42) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | .001 |
| Platelets, 109/L | 90 (58–143) | 89 (55–139) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | .574 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 137 (135–140) | 136 (133–139) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | .005 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | 3.0 (1.5–6.0) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | .007 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.89 (0.72–1.22) | 1.11 (0.82–1.55) | 1.41 (1.26–1.59) | <.001 |
| Albumin, mg/dL | 3.2 (2.9–3.7) | 3.0 (2.7–3.4) | 0.58 (0.46–0.74) | <.001 |
| INR | 1.37 (1.22–1.54) | 1.42 (1.30–1.68) | 1.27 (1.02–1.59) | .035 |
| MAP, mmHg | 87 (78–93) | 83 (77–91) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | .065 |
| HR, bpm | 75 (67–85) | 78 (70–86) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .157 |
| Clinical scores at admission | ||||
| Child-Pugh score | 8 (6–9) | 9 (8–11) | 1.25 (1.17–1.34) | <.001 |
| Child-Pugh Class | ||||
| Class A | 94 (30) | 21 (10) | 0.33 (0.21–0.52) | <.001 |
| Class B | 150 (47) | 95 (48) | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) | .810 |
| Class C | 73 (23) | 83 (42) | 2.11 (1.59–2.81) | <.001 |
| MELD | 14 (10–18) | 18 (14–24) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <.001 |
| MELD-Na | 16 (12–21) | 20 (15–25) | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | <.001 |
| CLIF-C-AD | 49 (43–55) | 55 (50–62) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <.001 |
| Transfer to ICU | 25 (8) | 18 (9) | 1.24 (0.74–2.10) | .413 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| CCI | 5.5 (4.4–6.8) | 6.9 (5.8–8.7) | 1.31 (1.24–1.38) | <.001 |
| HCC | 61 (19) | 65 (33) | 1.69 (1.26–2.26) | <.001 |
| Diabetes (any stage) | 105 (33) | 75 (38) | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | .360 |
For each parameter, the subdistribution hazard ratio with 95% CI for 1-year mortality is reported.
Abbreviations: ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; AD, acute decompensation; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CLIF-C, Chronic Liver Failure Consortium; CRP, C-reactive protein; GI, gastrointestinal; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MELD, Model for End-stage Liver Disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; WBC, white blood cell count.
aMixed etiology includes viral and alcohol, viral and metabolic, and alcohol and metabolic etiologies.
bRenal dysfunction was defined as serum creatinine level >1.5 mg/dL.