Table 1.

Causes of Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia

Pharmacokinetic causes	Inappropriate dose (absolute or relative) Impaired transport/distribution Impaired metabolism (liver failure hypothyroidism) Impaired elimination (renal failure) Duration of surgery Drug interaction
Pharmacodynamic causes	Genetic variations Hypothermia Drug interaction
Metabolic alterations	Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Acidosis
Neurological rare causes	Hypoperfusion/ischemia Intracranial hemorrhage Thrombosis Central anticholinergic syndrome
Psychiatric rare causes	Conversion disorder