Table 3. Summary of adjusted probabilities, risk ratios, and risk differences for violence outcomes.
| Boys | Girls | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted probability, %* | Exposure versus no exposure | Adjusted probability, %* | Exposure versus no exposure | |||
| ARR (95% CI) | ARD (95% CI) | ARR (95% CI) | ARD (95% CI) | |||
| Sexual abuse | ||||||
| No protective factors | 2.39 | - | - | 5.38 | - | - |
| Positive parenting | 1.86 | 0.78 (0.50–1.06) | −0.53 (−1.24 to 0.19) | 3.81 | 0.71 (0.56–0.86) | −1.57 (−2.43 to −0.71) |
| Parental monitoring and supervision | 2.31 | 0.97 (0.66–1.27) | −0.08 (−0.81 to 0.64) | 4.24 | 0.79 (0.63–0.95) | −1.14 (−2.01 to −0.26) |
| Food security at home | 2.39 | 1.00 (0.33–1.67) | 0.00 (−1.59 to 1.59) | 3.00 | 0.56 (0.34–0.78) | −2.38 (−4.09 to −0.67) |
| All three protective factors | 1.80 | 0.75 (0.16–1.34) | −0.59 (−2.24 to 1.05) | 1.64 | 0.30 (0.16–0.45) | −3.74 (−5.31 to −2.16) |
| Transactional sexual exploitation | ||||||
| No protective factors | 6.97 | - | - | 10.07 | - | - |
| Positive parenting | 6.35 | 0.91 (0.73–1.09) | −0.63 (−1.91 to 0.66) | 9.67 | 0.96 (0.83–1.09) | −0.40 (−1.73 to 0.93) |
| Parental monitoring and supervision | 5.26 | 0.76 (0.63–0.88) | −1.71 (−2.55 to −0.86) | 8.15 | 0.81 (0.71–0.91) | −1.92 (−2.94 to −0.91) |
| Food security at home | 6.66 | 0.95 (0.63–1.28) | −0.31 (−2.67 to 2.04) | 6.38 | 0.63 (0.48–0.79) | −3.70 (−5.73 to −1.66) |
| All three protective factors | 4.55 | 0.65 (0.38–0.93) | −2.42 (−4.77 to −0.08) | 4.84 | 0.48 (0.33–0.63) | −5.23 (−7.26 to −3.20) |
| Physical abuse | ||||||
| No protective factors | 37.19 | - | - | 38.58 | - | - |
| Positive parenting | 35.00 | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | −2.19 (−5.01 to 0.64) | 35.33 | 0.92 (0.85–0.98) | −3.25 (−5.63 to −0.87) |
| Parental monitoring and supervision | 33.71 | 0.91 (0.84–0.97) | −3.48 (−5.80 to −1.15) | 33.70 | 0.87 (0.82–0.93) | −4.88 (−7.04 to −2.71) |
| Food security at home | 30.44 | 0.82 (0.71–0.93) | −6.75 (−11.31 to −2.19) | 30.85 | 0.80 (0.71–0.89) | −7.73 (−11.63 to −3.82) |
| All three protective factors | 25.44 | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) | −11.74 (−16.91 to −6.58) | 23.85 | 0.62 (0.52–0.71) | −14.72 (−19.11 to −10.33) |
| Emotional abuse | ||||||
| No protective factors | 23.72 | - | - | 25.39 | - | - |
| Positive parenting | 20.78 | 0.88 (0.77–0.98) | −2.93 (−5.43 to −0.44) | 20.51 | 0.81 (0.73–0.88) | −4.88 (−6.83 to −2.93) |
| Parental monitoring and supervision | 19.25 | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) | −4.47 (−6.42 to −2.51) | 20.86 | 0.82 (0.75–0.89) | −4.53 (−6.36 to −2.70) |
| Food security at home | 15.68 | 0.66 (0.53–0.79) | −8.04 (−12.07 to −4.01) | 20.27 | 0.80 (0.68–0.92) | −5.12 (−8.62 to −1.61) |
| All three protective factors | 10.72 | 0.45 (0.33–0.57) | −13.00 (−17.04 to −8.95) | 12.98 | 0.51 (0.40–0.62) | −12.41 (−16.00 to −8.83) |
| Community violence victimisation | ||||||
| No protective factors | 41.28 | - | - | 36.25 | - | - |
| Positive parenting | 41.51 | 1.01 (0.94–1.07) | 0.23 (−2.36 to 2.82) | 35.84 | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | −0.40 (−2.51 to 1.70) |
| Parental monitoring and supervision | 36.72 | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | −4.56 (−6.66 to −2.45) | 33.79 | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | −2.46 (−4.36 to −0.55) |
| Food security at home | 39.69 | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | −1.59 (−5.81 to 2.63) | 31.05 | 0.86 (0.77–0.94) | −5.20 (−8.54 to −1.86) |
| All three protective factors | 35.41 | 0.86 (0.74–0.97) | −5.87 (−10.98 to −0.75) | 28.37 | 0.78 (0.68–0.89) | −7.87 (−11.98 to −3.76) |
| Youth lawbreaking | ||||||
| No protective factors | 22.44 | - | - | 18.90 | - | - |
| Positive parenting | 18.62 | 0.83 (0.74–0.92) | −3.82 (−5.90 to −1.74) | 15.14 | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) | −3.76 (−5.36 to −2.16) |
| Parental monitoring and supervision | 15.84 | 0.71 (0.63–0.78) | −6.61 (−8.21 to −5.00) | 15.17 | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | −3.74 (−5.26 to −2.21) |
| Food security at home | 25.52 | 1.14 (0.94–1.33) | 3.08 (−0.96 to 7.12) | 18.30 | 0.97 (0.80–1.13) | −0.60 (−3.78 to 2.58) |
| All three protective factors | 14.98 | 0.67 (0.51–0.82) | −7.46 (−11.57 to −3.35) | 11.61 | 0.61 (0.48–0.75) | −7.30 (−10.50 to −4.09) |
*Adjusted probabilities were estimated with basic economic security at home, free schooling, free school meals, and all other covariates at observed values. Not experiencing positive parenting or parental monitoring and supervision was considered to be equivalent to the sample mean score of these factors (24.51 for positive parenting and 19.53 for parental monitoring and supervision). Experiencing these protective factors was considered to be equivalent to experiencing the maximum score of these factors (32.00 for positive parenting and 24.00 for parental monitoring and supervision).
Abbreviations: ARD, adjusted risk difference; ARR, adjusted risk ratio; CI, confidence interval