Figure 5.

Modulation of nitric oxide and TNF-α production by different amphotericin B formulations. L. braziliensis-infected macrophages were treated with respective IC₅₀ concentrations of AmB, AmB-D or AmB-NLC in the presence of IFN-γ for 48 h. (A) TNF-α levels measured by ELISA (B) Nitric oxide production determined by nitrite levels through the Griess reaction. Bars represent means ± SD of one representative experiment for TNF-α and means ± SEM of four experiments for NO. Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric testing, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison post-test (**p<0.01).

Abbreviations: AmB, active compound of amphotericin B; AmB-D, deoxycholate amphotericin B; AmB-NLC, amphotericin B-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; INF, infected; NO, nitric oxide; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; UNI, uninfected.