Table 2.
Characteristics of the population according to their COVID-19 test and the frailty phenotype
| No COVID-19 associated admission or death | Severe COVID-19 infection | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust | Pre-frail | Frail | Robust | Pre-frail | Frail | |
| Total, n | 228,731 | 142,550 | 11,762 | 354 | 374 | 74 |
| Baseline age (years), mean (SD) | 56.0 (8.1) | 56.5 (8.1) | 57.4 (7.7) | 60.3 (7.7) | 59.8 (7.8) | 59.5 (7.9) |
| Current age (years), mean (SD) | 67.1 (8.1) | 67.5 (8.1) | 68.4 (7.7) | 71.3 (7.8) | 70.8 (7.8) | 70.6 (8.0) |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 120,231 (52.6) | 83,011 (58.2) | 7772 (66.1) | 116 (32.8) | 145 (38.8) | 35 (47.3) |
| Deprivation, n (%) | ||||||
| Lower | 83,333 (36.5) | 42,368 (29.7) | 2086 (17.7) | 92 (26.0) | 87 (23.3) | 9 (12.1) |
| Middle | 78,557 (34.3) | 46,199 (32.4) | 2947 (25.1) | 123 (34.7) | 95 (25.4) | 15 (20.3) |
| Higher | 66,841 (29.2) | 53,983 (37.9) | 6729 (57.2) | 139 (39.3) | 192 (51.3) | 50 (67.6) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 220,508 (96.4) | 132,223 (92.8) | 10,204 (86.8) | 325 (91.8) | 324 (86.6) | 63 (85.1) |
| Non-white | 8223 (3.6) | 10,327 (7.2) | 1558 (13.2) | 29 (8.2) | 50 (13.4) | 11 (14.9) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Never | 130,457 (57.0) | 76,966 (54.0) | 5737 (48.8) | 134 (37.9) | 177 (47.3) | 25 (33.8) |
| Previous | 79,074 (34.6) | 49,909 (35.0) | 4021 (34.2) | 173 (48.9) | 151 (40.4) | 37 (50.0) |
| Current | 19,200 (8.4) | 15,675 (11.0) | 2004 (17.0) | 47 (13.2) | 46 (12.3) | 12 (16.2) |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | ||||||
| Daily or almost daily | 53,467 (23.4) | 25,316 (17.8) | 1176 (10.0) | 77 (21.8) | 62 (16.6) | 9 (12.2) |
| One to four times a week | 119,836 (52.4) | 66,267 (46.5) | 3711 (31.6) | 172 (48.6) | 147 (39.3) | 24 (32.4) |
| One to three times a month | 23,582 (10.3) | 17,695 (12.4) | 1487 (12.6) | 40 (11.2) | 43 (11.5) | 10 (13.5) |
| Never or special occasions | 31,846 (13.9) | 33,272 (23.3) | 5388 (45.8) | 65 (18.4) | 122 (32.6) | 31 (41.9) |
| Multimorbidity, n (%) | ||||||
| None | 93,868 (41.0) | 40,383 (28.4) | 1068 (9.1) | 87 (24.6) | 65 (17.4) | 6 (8.1) |
| 1 | 78,185 (34.2) | 46,384 (32.5) | 2357 (20.0) | 119 (33.6) | 106 (28.3) | 7 (9.5) |
| 2–3 | 51,407 (22.5) | 46,373 (32.5) | 5371 (45.7) | 133 (37.6) | 156 (41.7) | 36 (48.6) |
| ≥ 4 | 5271 (2.3) | 9410 (6.6) | 2966 (25.2) | 15 (4.2) | 47 (12.6) | 25 (33.8) |
The frailty phenotype was derived using an adaptation from the original derived by Fried et al. Participants were classified as frail if they fulfilled three or more criteria, pre-frail if they fulfilled one or two criteria, and robust if they did not fulfil any criteria at baseline
SD standard deviation, n number