Table 4.
Effect of selected risk factors for human leishmaniasis in Ethiopia
| Variables | Authors | RR | 95% CI | % Weight | Heterogeneity chi-squared | df | p value | I-squared | Tau-squared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Ali et al. (1993) | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | 17.4 | 70.0 | 9 | 0.00 | 7.1% | 0.12 |
| Wondimeneh et al. (2014) | 0.9 | 0.9–0.98 | 18 | ||||||
| Bsrat et al. (2015) | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 | 14.9 | ||||||
| Abera et al. (2016) | 0.2 | 0.06–0.4 | 4.3 | ||||||
| Bekele et al. (2018) | 0.2 | 0.1–0.4 | 7.9 | ||||||
| Bsrat et al. (2018) | 0.1 | 0.0–0.3 | 3.4 | ||||||
| Tedla et al. (2018) | 0.0 | 0.01–0.1 | 4.7 | ||||||
| Ayehu et al. (2018) | 2.2 | 0.2–29.4 | 1.2 | ||||||
| Alebie et al. (2019) | 1.2 | 0.8–2 | 12 | ||||||
| Yohannes et al. (2019) | 0.0 | 0.7–1.1 | 15.8 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 0.6 | 0.5–0.8 | 100 | ||||||
| Presence of hyraxes | Bsrat et al. (2015) | 2.3 | 1.7–3 | 54.6 | 4.8 | 1 | 0.03 | 79% | 0.13 |
| Yohannes et al. (2019) | 4.1 | 2.6–6.4 | 45.4 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 3 | 1.7–5.2 | 100 | ||||||
| Age | Ali et al. (1993) | 0.5 | 0.4–0.6 | 15 | 114.6 | 7 | 0.00 | 93.9& | 0.38 |
| Negera et al. (2008) | 1.5 | 0.9–2.5 | 13 | ||||||
| Wondimeneh et al. (2014) | 1.5 | 1.4–1.6 | 15.5 | ||||||
| Abera et al. (2016) | 0.7 | 0.3–1.8 | 10 | ||||||
| Bsrat et al. (2018) | 2 | 1–4.1 | 11.4 | ||||||
| Bekele et al. (2018) | 2.9 | 0.9–9.5 | 8 | ||||||
| Alebie et al. (2019) | 1.5 | 0.9–2.6 | 12.8 | ||||||
| Yohannes et al. (2019) | 2.9 | 2–4.3 | 14.2 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 1.4 | 0.9–2.3 | 100 | ||||||
| Sleeping area | Bsrat et al. (2018) | 4.3 | 1.8–10.3 | 10.7 | 2.4 | 3 | 0.49 | 0.0% | 0.00 |
| Ayehu et al. (2018) | 2.1 | 0.7–6.4 | 6.4 | ||||||
| Alebie et al. (2019) | 2.1 | 1.2–3.5 | 29 | ||||||
| Yohannes et al. (2019) | 2.1 | 1.43.1 | 53.9 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 2.2 | 1.7–3 | 100 | ||||||
| Domestic animals near sleeping areas | Ayehu et al. (2018) | 2.8 | 1–7.6 | 27 | 3.9 | 2 | 0.14 | 48.8% | 0.18 |
| Alebie et al. (2019) | 5.3 | 1.7–16.5 | 23.4 | ||||||
| Yohannes et al. (2019) | 1.6 | 0.9–2.7 | 49.6 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 2.5 | 1.3–4.9 | 100 | ||||||
| Travel history | Abera et al. (2016) | 1.8 | 0.7–4.5 | 58 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.52 | 0.0% | 0.00 |
| Ayehu et al. (2018) | 2.9 | 1–8.3 | 42 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 2.2 | 1.1–4.4 | 100 | ||||||
| Presence of acacia near the sleeping area | Bsrat et al. (2018) | 1.8 | 0.8–3.9 | 49.4 | 7.2 | 1 | 0.01 | 86.1 | 0.91 |
| Alebie et al. (2019) | 7.6 | 3.7–15.7 | 50.6 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 3.7 | 0.9–15.5 | 100 | ||||||
| Presence of black soil | Bsrat et al. (2018) | 1.7 | 0.7–3.9 | 58.4 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.43 | 0.0% | 0.00 |
| Ayehu et al. (2018) | 2.9 | 1.1–7.7 | 41.7 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 2.1 | 1.1–4 | 100 | ||||||
| Occupation | Abera et al (2016) | 1.1 | 0.3–3.6 | 10.9 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.95 | 0.0% | 0.00 |
| Bsrat et al. (2018) | 1.2 | 0.7–2.5 | 27.7 | ||||||
| Alebie et al. (2019) | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 | 61.5 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 1.1 | 0.7–1.6 | 100 | ||||||
| Presence of gorge | Bsrat et al. (2015) | 1.4 | 1.1–1.7 | 51.7 | 15.9 | 1 | 0.00 | 93.7 | 0.44 |
| Yohannes et al. (2019) | 3.6 | 2.4–5.4 | 48.4 | ||||||
| Pooled RR | 2.2 | 0.9–5.6 | 100 |