TABLE 1.
Sphingolipid metabolism genes involved in plant responses to FB1.
| Gene name | Function | Species | Mutant/transgenic plants | FB1 response | System | References |
| LCB1/FBR11 | Subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase | At | fbr11-1 | Tolerant | Leaves, seedlings | Shi et al., 2007 |
| LCB2a | Subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase | At | lcb2a-1, -2, -3 | Tolerant | Seedlings | Saucedo-García et al., 2011a,b |
| LCB2b/ | Subunit of serine | At | dominant mutant fbr41 | Tolerant | Leaves, seedlings | Shao et al., 2019 |
| FBR41 | palmitoyltransferase | At | FBR41 OE | Tolerant | Leaves | Shao et al., 2019 |
| ssSPTa | Small subunit of serine | At | ssSPTa RNAi | Tolerant | Seedlings | Kimberlin et al., 2013 |
| palmitoyltransferase | At | ssSPTa-OE | Sensitive | Seedlings | Kimberlin et al., 2013 | |
| ORM1 | Orosomucoid-like protein | At | ORM1-OE | Tolerant | Seedlings | Kimberlin et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016 |
| ORM2 | Orosomucoid-like protein | At | ORM2-OE | Tolerant | Seedlings | Kimberlin et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016 |
| ORM1/ | Orosomucoid-like protein | At | orm1 amiR-ORM2 | Sensitive | Seedlings | Li et al., 2016 |
| ORM2 | ORM RNAi | |||||
| LCBK1 | Long-chain base kinase | At | LCBK1-KD | Sensitive | Leaves, seedlings | Yanagawa et al., 2017 |
| At | LCBK1-OE | Tolerant | Leaves, seedlings | Yanagawa et al., 2017 | ||
| SPHK1 | Sphingosine kinase 1 | At | SPHK1-KD, sphk1-1 | Tolerant | Leaves | Qin et al., 2017 |
| At | SPHK1-KD | Sensitive | Leaves | Glenz et al., 2019 | ||
| At | SPHK1 OE | Sensitive | Leaves | Qin et al., 2017; Glenz et al., 2019 | ||
| SPHK2 | Sphingosine kinase 2 | At | sphk2-1 | Tolerant | Leaves | Qin et al., 2017 |
| At | SPHK2 OE | Sensitive | Leaves | Qin et al., 2017 | ||
| SPP1 | Sphingoid phosphate | At | Spp1 | Tolerant | Leaves | Yanagawa et al., 2017 |
| phosphatase | At | SPPASE RNAi (SPHK1-OE) | Sensitive | Leaves | Qin et al., 2017 | |
| At | SPP1-OE | Sensitive | Leaves | Glenz et al., 2019 | ||
| DPL1 | Dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate lyase | At | dpl 1-1, -2, DPL1 RNAi (SPHK1-OE) | Sensitive | Leaves | Tsegaye et al., 2007; Nakagawa et al., 2012; Qin et al., 2017; Yanagawa et al., 2017; Glenz et al., 2019 |
| LOH2 | Ceramide synthase | At | loh2-1, -2 | Sensitive | Leaves | Mase et al., 2013 |
| At | LOH2-OE | Tolerant | Seedlings | Luttgeharm et al., 2015 | ||
| LOH3 | Ceramide synthase | At | LOH3-OE | Tolerant | Seedlings | Luttgeharm et al., 2015 |
| ACER | Alkaline ceramidase | At | amiR-ACER-1, acer-1 | Sensitive | Seedlings, Protoplasts | Wu et al., 2015a |
| At | ACER-OX-1 | Tolerant | Seedlings, Protoplasts | Wu et al., 2015a | ||
| NCER | Neutral ceramidase | At | ncer2 | Sensitive | Seedlings | Zienkiewicz et al., 2019 |
| BI1 | Protein that interacts with sphingolipid-modifying enzymes | At | atbi1-l, atbi1-2 | Sensitive | Leaves | Watanabe and Lam, 2006 |
| PAS1 | PASTICCINO1, required for VLCF synthesis | At | Pas1 | Sensitive | Roots | Markham et al., 2011 |
KD, knockdown; OE or OX, overexpressing line. At, Arabidopsis thaliana.