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. 2020 Oct 27;14:559077. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.559077

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

Optogenetic activation of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons on general anesthesia induction and emergence. (A) EGFP (green) expressed in BF cholinergic neurons (red) after bilateral injections of AAV-DIO-ChR2-EGFP virus (scale bar: 50 μm). (B) Diagram of optogenetic behavior test under isoflurane anesthesia with an isoflurane concentration gradient from 1.4 to 0.8%. (C) Diagram of optogenetic behavior test under 0.7% isoflurane anesthesia. (D) Diagram of optogenetic behavior test procedure of propofol anesthesia. (E) Diagram of optogenetic behavior test procedure during the induction of isoflurane anesthesia. (F) Diagram of optogenetic behavior test procedure during the emergence of isoflurane anesthesia. (G,H) Optogenetic activation of BF cholinergic neurons increased the latency to loss of righting reflex (LORR) time (p < 0.0001, n = 7, paired t-test) and decreased the latency to recovery of righting reflex (RORR) (p = 0.0034, n = 7, paired t-test) in isoflurane anesthesia. (I) Optogenetic activation of BF cholinergic neurons decreased propofol LORR duration time (p = 0.0002, n = 7, paired t-test). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.