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. 2020 Nov 9;10:391. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01080-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The sources of DHA include the conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) into DHA in the liver, dietary consumption, and supplements. ALA as the most common dietary omega-3 fatty acid is converted to eicosapentaenoid acid (EPA, 20C, 5 double bonds), and then to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22C, 6 double bonds) in the liver. The uptake and metabolism of DHA in the retina are schematically illustrated. The uptake of DHA occurs in the pigment epithelial cells (PECs) as well as in cone and rod retinal photoreceptor cells (PRCs), during which adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) captures DHA.