Table 1.
Published patents of SARS and MERS coronavirus tests.
| References | Year | Country | Product | Test type | Target | Sample type and/or result time | Benefits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang (35) | 2003 | CN | Reagent kit diagnosis of SARS-CoV antibody | IBT | IgG | Serum sample | Comprehensive antigens, high sensitivity and strong specificity |
| Briese et al. (36) | 2004 | US | Synthetic nucleic acid sequence to detect SARS-CoV | RT-PCR | N gene | Feces and blood. | High sensitivity and specificity |
| Che et al. (37) | 2004 | CN | Monoclonal antibodies that bind to the SARS-CoV N protein | ELISA | IgG1 or IgG2b | Serum and lung tissue | High specificity, good repeatability, easy operation, low cost |
| Houde and Lacroix (38) | 2004 | CA | Diagnostic peptides for SARS-CoV | ELISA, Immunochromatography; Antigen filter test | IgG | Serum or biological fluid | High sensitivity and specificity |
| Mei et al. (39) | 2004 | CN | Multi-channel combined microfluidic chip to detect SARS-CoV | rRT-PCR | NS | Saliva. 25 min. | High sensitivity, precise, stable and easy to operate, specificity, fast detection speed, low cost |
| Artus Ges Fuer Molekular Biolog (40) | 2004 | DE | SARS-CoV detection kit | rrRT-PCR | NS | Sputum, feces, or blood. | Efficient, sensitive and reliable |
| Sillekens and Biomerieux (41) | 2004 | NL | Nucleic acid sequences as primers for detection of SARS-CoV | NASBA | N gene | Nasopharyngeal aspiration, feces, or blood | NS |
| Vijaysri et al. (42) | 2004 | CA | Oligonucleotide for detecting SARS-CoV | Amplification test | Rep gene | Hours. | Sensitivity |
| Wu and Gao (43) | 2004 | CN | Short-handled circular probe system | rRT-PCR | NS | Blood. 2 h. | High specificity and sensitivity |
| Inoue and Hong (44) | 2005 | SG | Test to detect SARS-CoV | rRT-PCR | NSP1 | Plasma, throat swab, sérum, saliva, sputum. Hours. | Fast, sensitive and specific compared to available commercial tests |
| Kostrikis (45) | 2005 | US | Multi-allelic molecular detection of SARS-CoV | rRT-PCR | S, E, M and N genes | Nasopharyngeal aspiration, feces, or whole blood | High sensitivity and specificity |
| Lim et al. (46) | 2005 | KR | Primer set for detecting SARS-CoV silicone-based micro PCR chip | rRT-PCR | ORF1ab, S, E, M, N genes | 30 min. | Reduces the possibility of determining false or false positives; detect SARS virus without cross-reactivity |
| Ma and Jie (47) | 2005 | CN | Antibody against a SARS-CoV NC protein | Test strip | N protein | Serum, plasma, urine, semen, saliva, sweat, tears. 10 min. | Sensitivity 10 pg/ml recombinant protein N |
| Minekawa et al. (48) | 2005 | JP | SARS-CoV detection method | RT-LAMP | ORF1ab, R2, R3 | Any sample derived from human living body; 20–35 min. | High sensitivity and speed, does not require temperature control |
| Qin et al. (49) | 2005 | CN | Antigenic determinant of SARS-CoV NC protein epitope | Enzyme immunoassay | IgG and IgM | Sputum or serum | High affinity for SARS anti-virus antibodies, simple, sensitive method and high precision |
| Park et al. (50) | 2006 | KR | Oligonucleotides to detect SARS | rRT-PCR | NS | Feces | Detects virus at the initial stage. Good specificity and sensitivity |
| Park (51) | 2008 | KR | Detection of SARS by NC antigen or S protein | ELISA or PCR | IgG or N and S gene | Blood | Fast and safe |
| Lou et al. (52) | 2009 | US | Oligonucleotide for detecting SARS-CoV | All types of amplification reactions | Rep gene | Any sample that contains SARS nucleic acid. Hours. | Analytical sensitivity and specificity |
| Kacian (53) | 2010 | US | Detection probe for SARS-CoV | TMA | ORF1ab genes | Nasopharyngeal swab | Selective and sensitive detection |
| Jeong et al. (54) | 2012 | KR | Aptamer specific to SARS-CoV | rRT-PCR or ELISA | N protein or IgG | NS | NS |
| Kaiyuan et al. (55) | 2012 | CN | Multiplex fluorescent PCR in tube for 5 types of CoV—OC43, 229E, NL63, HKU1 and SARS | rRT-PCR | NS | Nasopharyngeal swab | Detection of 5 types of CoV in one tube. Sensitive, fast, accurate, saves materials, and reagents |
| Yana et al. (56) | 2017 | JP | Antibodies against MERS-NP | ELISA, Immunochromatography; Antigen filter test | IgG | Serum, plasma, urine, semen, saliva, sweat, tears. | Specifically detects only MERS-CoV. Precision, speed and simplicity. |
| Ahn et al. (57) | 2018 | KR | Primer set for detection MERS-CoV | RT-LAMP | ORF1b and N gene | Sputum, lung tissue | High specificity, does not need temperature control, or expensive equipment |
| Wang et al. (58) | 2018 | CN | Primer probe set and kit for detecting SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV | RPA | NS | 25 min. | Short time, good specificity, minimum detection limit, lower cost, prevention of false negatives |
| Zhou et al. (59) | 2018 | CN | Fluorescent primer MERS-CoV | rRT-RAA | NS | Throat Swab; 20 min. | Closed reaction, does not depend on PCR, tested at normal temperature 37–39°C. High specificity and sensitivity |
| Han et al. (60) | 2019 | KR | Fusion protein based on MERS-CoV NC and mAbs | ELISA | IgG | Blood, body fluid, saliva, and sputum. | Standard positive/negative control; High sensitivity and specificity. |
| Jeong et al. (61) | 2019 | WO/KR | Antibody to detect MERS-CoV binding to the fusion protein of the N-terminal and C-terminal domain fragment of the NC protein | ELISA | IgG | 10–15 min | High specificity |
ITB, Immunoblotting; mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies; NASBA, Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification; NS, Not Specified; NSP1, Non-structural protein 1; RPA, Recombinase Polymerase Amplification; RT-LAMP, Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method; rRT-PCR, Real time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction; RT-PCR, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction; rRT-RAA, Real Time Reverse Transcription Recombinase Aid Amplification; RT-RAA, Reverse Transcription Recombinase Aid Amplification; TMA, Transcription-Mediated Amplification; WO, World Intellectual Property Organization.
Countries: CN, China; JP, Japan; KR, Republic of Korea; TW, Taiwan; US, United States of America.