表1.
Group | Subjective evaluation (VAS scores*, x±s) | Expert assessment evaluation (x±s) | ||||||||||||
Total scores* | Hips | Trunk (front to back)* | Trunk (side to side) | Trunk (rotation) | Head and neck (front to back)* | Head and neck (side to side) | Head and neck (rotation) | Upper arms | Elbows* | Shoulder (relaxed or slumped) | Shoulder level* | Wrists (flexion or extension) | ||
For each column, groups identified by different superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05). *, there was significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). VAS, visual analogue score. | ||||||||||||||
Control group | 4.55±1.96a | 16.38±1.52a | 1.58±0.44a | 1.33±0.41a | 1.05±0.15a | 1.13±0.22a | 2.75±0.38a | 1.03±0.11a | 1.00±0.00 | 1.70±0.55a | 1.38±0.43a | 1.03±0.11a | 1.43±0.41a | 1.00±0.00 |
Loupes group | 7.90±1.12b | 15.15±1.30b | 1.58±0.44a | 1.03±0.11b | 1.05±0.15a | 1.08±0.18a | 2.13±0.36b | 1.05±0.15a | 1.00±0.00 | 1.63±0.51a | 1.40±0.45a | 1.00±0.00a | 1.23±0.34a, b | 1.00±0.00 |
Microscopic group | 9.00±0.92c | 13.60±0.88c | 1.55±0.46a | 1.00±0.00b | 1.00±0.00a | 1.00±0.00a | 1.23±0.38c | 1.00±0.00a | 1.00±0.00 | 1.58±0.49a | 1.13±0.22b | 1.00±0.00a | 1.13±0.28b | 1.00±0.00 |
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.727 | <0.001 | 0.270 | 0.091 | <0.001 | 0.377 | 0.180 | 0.001 | 0.377 | 0.004 |