Table 3. Maternal and Infant Baseline Characteristics.
| Variable | No. | Total (N = 134) | No. | Intervention (n = 68) | No. | Control (n = 66) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Mother’s age at enrollment, mean (SD), y | 134 | 27.4 (6.2) | 68 | 27.4 (6.4) | 66 | 27.5 (6.1) |
| Parity, mean (SD) | 134 | 2.4 (1.5) | 68 | 2.4 (1.6) | 66 | 2.4 (1.4) |
| Educational level, No. (%) | 134 | 68 | 66 | |||
| Less than high school | 22 (16) | 8 (12) | 14 (21) | |||
| Still attending or completed high school or GED | 46 (34) | 27 (40) | 19 (29) | |||
| Completed more than high school | 66 (49) | 33 (49) | 33 (50) | |||
| Married, No. (%) | 132 | 25 (19) | 67 | 10 (15) | 65 | 15 (23) |
| Employment status, No. (%) | 134 | 68 | 66 | |||
| Not employed | 113 (84) | 54 (79) | 59 (89) | |||
| Full-time | 12 (9) | 8 (12) | 4 (6) | |||
| Part-time | 9 (7) | 6 (9) | 3 (5) | |||
| No. of people in home, mean (SD) | 134 | 6.3 (2.4) | 68 | 6.3 (2.5) | 66 | 6.3 (2.4) |
| Households crowded, No. (%) | 134 | 73 (55) | 68 | 38 (56) | 66 | 35 (53) |
| Multigenerational household (≥3 generations), No. (%) | 133 | 65 (49) | 68 | 30 (44) | 65 | 35 (54) |
| Lived in >1 home in the past year, No. (%) | 134 | 59 (44) | 68 | 27 (40) | 66 | 32 (49) |
| Received financial help with groceries, No. (%) | 134 | 92 (69) | 68 | 47 (69) | 66 | 45 (68) |
| Enrolled in WIC, No. (%) | 134 | 60 (45) | 68 | 31 (46) | 66 | 29 (44) |
| Enrolled in SNAP or EBT, No. (%) | 134 | 74 (55) | 68 | 37 (54) | 66 | 37 (56) |
| Enrolled in TANF, No. (%) | 134 | 3 (2) | 68 | 1 (2) | 66 | 2 (3) |
| Financial hardship reported, No. (%) | 134 | 68 | 66 | |||
| No financial hardship | 60 (45) | 33 (49) | 27 (41) | |||
| 1 Financial hardship | 32 (24) | 13 (19) | 19 (29) | |||
| 2-5 Financial hardships | 42 (31) | 22 (32) | 20 (30) | |||
| Water insecure in the past 30 d, No. (%) | 134 | 47 (35) | 68 | 24 (35) | 66 | 23 (35) |
| Food security in the past 30 d, No. (%) | 133 | 67 | 66 | |||
| High or marginal food security (0-1 items) | 103 (77) | 57 (85) | 46 (70) | |||
| Low food security (2-3 items) | 21 (16) | 6 (9) | 15 (23) | |||
| Very low food security (4-6 items) | 9 (7) | 4 (6) | 5 (8) | |||
| Prepregnancy maternal BMI, mean (SD) | 97 | 31.2 (7.0) | 51 | 31.5 (7.7) | 46 | 30.9 (6.1) |
| Diabetes during pregnancy, No. (%) | 121 | 25 (21) | 63 | 11 (18) | 58 | 14 (24) |
| Gestational diabetes, No. (%) | 120 | 16 (13) | 62 | 9 (15) | 58 | 7 (12) |
| Type 2 diabetes, No. (%)a | 120 | 9 (8) | 62 | 2 (3) | 58 | 7 (12) |
| Maternal SSB knowledge, median (IQR) | 134 | 29 (26-30) | 68 | 29 (27-30) | 66 | 29 (25-30) |
| Infant baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Girls, No. (%) | 134 | 70 (52) | 68 | 35 (52) | 66 | 35 (53) |
| Age at enrollment, mean (SD), mo | 132 | 2.0 (1.1) | 68 | 1.9 (1.1) | 64 | 2.0 (1.0) |
| Birth weight, mean (SD), g | 123 | 3326.7 (488.0) | 64 | 3315.3 (448.0) | 59 | 3339.1 (531.6) |
| Infant birth weight status, No. (%) | 123 | 64 | 59 | |||
| Small for gestational age | 3 (2) | 2 (3) | 1 (2) | |||
| Average weight for gestational age | 94 (76) | 50 (78) | 44 (75) | |||
| Large for gestational age | 26 (21) | 12 (19) | 14 (24) | |||
| Gestational age, mean (SD), wk | 125 | 38.6 (1.6) | 64 | 38.5 (1.7) | 61 | 38.7 (1.5) |
| Premature (gestational age <37 wk), No. (%) | 125 | 13 (10) | 64 | 8 (13) | 61 | 5 (8) |
| Initiated breastfeeding, No. (%) | 133 | 116 (87) | 68 | 61 (90) | 65 | 55 (85) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; EBT, electronic benefit transfer; GED, general equivalency diploma; IQR, interquartile range; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; TANF, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; WIC, Women, Infants, and Children program.
a
Data were not available for type 1 diabetes status in the study population.