Table 1.

The main characteristics of immunosenescence cells

Category	Markers	Cell types		References
Surface marker	CD27, CD28	T cells	↓	[41, 42]
	CD57, KLRG-1, Tim-3, TIGIT, CD45RA	T cells	↑	[41, 42]
	NKp30, NKp46, DNAM-1, NKG2A	NK cells	↓	[28, 45, 46]
	KIR, NKG2C, CD57	NK cells	↑	[28, 45, 46]
	CD62L, TLR1/4	Monocytes/macrophages	↓	[28]
	CD11b, TLR5	Monocytes/macrophages	↑	[28]
	CD11a, CD11b	Neutrophils	–	[28]
Cell cycle arrest	P16, P21, P53	T cells	↓	[5, 42, 43]
Molecules associated with DNA damage	γH2AX	All	↑	[64, 65]
TCR signaling machinery	Lck, ZAP70, DLG1, Lat, SLP-76	T cells	↓	[39, 64]
Proinflammatory cytokines	IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF	T cells	↑	[31–34]
Cytokines	IL-7	T cells	↓	[30]
Inhibitory factors	IL-10, TGF-β	T cells	↑	[39]
Epigenetic change	SAHF	T cells	↓	[37]
Metabolic alteration	Glycolysis	T cells	↑	[35, 36]
	Mitochondrial biogenesis	T cells	↓	[35, 36]
	ROS	T cells	↑	[35, 36]
Effector molecules	Perforin, GzmB	T cells	↓	[39]
Telomere length	Telomere	All	↑	[21, 44]
Telomerase activity	Telomerase	All	↓	[21, 44]
SA-b-gal activity	SA-β-gal	All	↑	[34]