Table 3.
Risk factors associated with the incident PI
| Variables | RR(95%CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| 45–60 | Ref | Ref |
| 60–75 | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.46) | 0.02 |
| ≥ 75 | 1.65 (1.21 to 2.26) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 0.92 (0.73 to 1.14) | 0.44 |
| Urban | 0.73 (0.6. to 0.90) | < 0.001 |
| Having a spouse | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.01) | 0.06 |
| Education levels | ||
| Illiteracy | Ref | Ref |
| Elementary school | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | 0.37 |
| Middle/high school | 0.83 (0.65 to 1.06) | 0.13 |
| College or above | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.93) | 0.03 |
| Currently working | 0.67 (0.55 to 0.83) | < 0.001 |
| PCE | ||
| 1/5 | Ref | Ref |
| 2/5 | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.15) | 0.43 |
| 3/5 | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.28) | 0.94 |
| 4/5 | 0.84 (0.65 to 1.07) | 0.15 |
| 5/5 | 0.84 (0.64 to 1.09) | 0.19 |
| Public facilities | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.07) | 0.02 |
| BMI levels | ||
| Underweight | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.48) | 0.65 |
| Normal | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.37) | 0.13 |
| Obese | 1.24 (0.97 to 1.58) | 0.09 |
| NCDs | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18) | 0.93 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | Ref | Ref |
| Quit | 0.95 (0.69 to 1.31) | 0.75 |
| Yes | 1.00 (0.8 to 1.24) | 0.98 |
| Alcohol | ||
| Never | Ref | Ref |
| < Once a month | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.36) | 1.00 |
| > Once in a month | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.06) | 0.14 |
| ADL/IADL disabilities | 1.22 (1.03 to 1.46) | 0.03 |
RR relative risk, CI confidence interval, ref reference group, PCE per capita expenditure, PA physical activity, BMI body mass index, NCD non-communicable diseases