a Isolated mice showed an increasing freezing time on day 7 after training with the infusion of AAV-EphB2 comparable to the level of control mice in context A (left panel), and similar results were obtained in context B (right panel). GH with AAV-GFP, n = 8 mice; GH with AAV-EphB2, n = 10 mice; SI with AAV-GFP, n = 8 mice, SI with AAV-EphB2, n = 7 mice; two-way ANOVA; for more detailed statistical results, see Supplementary Table 5. b Representative immunostaining of spines (green) in CA1. Arrows indicate thin-shaped spines. Scale bar: 2.5 μm. c The number of thin-shaped spines was decreased in SI mice after infusion of AAV-EphB2. GH with AAV-GFP, n = 19 neurons from five mice; GH with AAV-EphB2, n = 16 neurons from four mice; SI with AAV-GFP, n = 16 neurons from four mice; SI with AAV-EphB2, n = 16 neurons from four mice; two-way ANOVA; for more detailed statistical results, see Supplementary Table 6. d The mEPSC were recorded in CA1 neurons from GH mice with AAV-GFP, SI mice with AAV-GFP, GH mice with AAV-EphB2, and SI mice with AAV-EphB2. Calibration: 15 pA, 1 s. e The average mEPSC amplitude and frequency. GH with AAV-GFP, n = 17 neurons from four mice; GH with AAV-EphB2, n = 18 neurons from four mice; SI with AAV-GFP, n = 17 neurons from four mice; SI with AAV-EphB2, n = 18 neurons from four mice; two-way ANOVA; for more detailed statistical results, see Supplementary Table 7. f Representative fEPSP trace at baseline and last 10 min in LTP recordings from GH with AAV-GFP, GH with AAV-EphB2, SI with AAV-GFP, SI with AAV-EphB2. Calibration: 0.5 mV, 10 ms. g Quantification of the average fEPSP slope during the last 10 min of the LTP recording. GH with AAV-GFP, n = 9 slices from three mice; GH with AAV-EphB2, n = 8 slices from three mice; SI with AAV-GFP, n = 9 slices from three mice; SI with AAV-EphB2, n = 8 slices from three mice; two-way ANOVA; for more detailed statistical results, see Supplementary Table 8. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. * means the difference between GH mice with AAV-GFP and SI mice with AAV-GFP, # means the difference between SI mice with AAV-GFP and SI mice with AAV-EphB2. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001; #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ####P < 0.01.