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. 2020 Nov 10;20:338. doi: 10.1186/s12906-020-03136-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Western blot assay. Upper: blotting images of β-catenin, vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) and β-actin protein. Lane 1 is from a sham retina (Control); Lane 2 is the vehicle-pretreated ischemic retina (Vehicle+IR); Lanes 3 and 4 are from retinas that were subjected to IR and were pretreated with 10 μM (Emo10 + IR) and 20 μM emodin (Emo20 + IR). Lower: the bar chart analyzing the ratio of β-catenin/VEGF to the house-keeping protein β-actin. The ratio of the Sham group was normalized to 1. ***/* represents an extremely significant (P < 0.001) or a significant (P < 0.05) difference as compared to the Sham group. † represents a significant (P = 0.02/0.03) difference when compared to the Vehicle+IR group. As compared to the sham group, a significant increase in β-catenin/VEGF protein levels was observed after an ischemic insult and pre-ischemic application of vehicle (Vehicle+IR = 1.64 ± 0.14/7.67 ± 2.57). In contrast, pre-ischemic application of emodin dose-dependently and significantly (P = 0.02/0.03 at 20 μM; Emo20 + IR = 1.00 ± 0.19/1.23 ± 0.44) inhibited ischemia induced increase in β-catenin/VEGF protein levels. The values are mean ± S.E of the number of animals illustrated in the parenthesis. Abbreviations are listed as follows. IR: ischemia plus reperfusion; Pre-ischemic emodin 10 μM followed by IR (Emo10 + IR); Pre-ischemic emodin 20 μM followed by IR (Emo20 + IR). Abbreviations for group names are provided in Table 5