Table 3.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Physical Function and Cognitive Status for Overall and by Age Group
| Age groups n (%) | Young 65 (20%) | Middle aged 131 (40%) | Older 132 (40%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical function | |||
| Total SPPB, mean (SE) | |||
| 3 mo | 7.6 (1.0)b | 5.5 (.7)c | 3.5 (.7) |
| 6 mo | 8.2 (1.1)b | 5.9 (.7) | 4 (.8) |
| 12 mo | 7.9 (1.6) | 5.1 (.9) | 4.9 (1.1) |
| Handgrip strength | |||
| 3 mo | 30.5 (2.7)a,b | 23.2 (1.5) | 22.5 (2.6) |
| 6 mo | 48.5 (5.9)a,b | 25.2 (1.3) | 22.9 (1.1) |
| 12 mo | 36.7 (2.5)a,b | 27.8 (1.6)c | 18.8 (2.2) |
| Cognitive function | |||
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, mean (SE) | |||
| 3 mo | |||
| Total recall | 26.3 (1.0)a,b | 20.8 (1.1) | 18.8 (1.0) |
| Delayed recall | 9.7 (.5)a,b | 6.5 (.6) | 5.4 (.7) |
| Retention | 91.7 (2.7)a,b | 72.8 (5.9) | 65.1 (6.8) |
| 6 mo | |||
| Total recall | 26.4 (1.0)a,b | 23.5 (.7)c | 19.1 (1.8) |
| Delayed recall | 9.3 (.4)a,b | 8.1 (.3)c | 5.4 (.9) |
| Retention | 92.4 (1.5)b | 86.3 (3.0)c | 60.7 (8.9) |
| 12 mo | |||
| Total recall | 28 (.9)a,b | 22 (1.9) | 20.8 (1.3) |
| Delayed recall | 9.7 (.4)a,b | 6.5 (1.1) | 6.9 (.5) |
| Retention | 91.3 (2.4)a | 67.3 (11.2) | 81 (5.1) |
| COWA, mean (SE) | |||
| 3 mo | 40.8 (2.0)a,b | 28.8 (2.4) | 28.5 (1.8) |
| 6 mo | 38.5 (1.5)a,b | 32.8 (1.4) | 26.5 (1.8) |
| 12 mo | 37.3 (2.1)b | 31.3 (5.9) | 27 (2.5) |
| MMSE, mean (SE) | |||
| 3 mo | 90.2 (2.6)b | 84.3 (2.9) | 81.9 (3.2) |
| 6 mo | 95.2 (1.6)a,b | 89.9 (1.3)c | 78.6 (2.8) |
| 12 mo | 92.4 (2.9)b | 86.8 (4.4) | 85.1 (2.2) |
Abbreviations: COWA, Controlled Oral Word Association; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; SE, standard error; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.
Statistical difference was labeled as follows:
a
Young vs middle aged.
b
Young vs older adults.
c
Middle-aged vs older adults, with statistical significance set at P < .05.